Nā nīnau a me nā pane loea no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Gypsum

He aha ke kuleana o ka mea paʻa wai i kāwili ʻia i loko o ka pauka gypsum?
Pane: hoʻohana ʻia ka gypsum plastering, ka gypsum i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ka gypsum caulking, ka gypsum putty a me nā mea pauka kūkulu ʻē aʻe. I mea e maʻalahi ai ke kūkulu ʻana, hoʻohui ʻia nā mea hoʻopale gypsum i ka wā hana e hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa kūkulu o ka slurry gypsum. Hoʻohui ʻia kahi mea hoʻopale e kāohi i ke kaʻina hana hydration o ka gypsum hemihydrate. Pono e mālama ʻia kēia ʻano slurry gypsum ma ka paia no 1 a 2 mau hola ma mua o ka hoʻopili ʻana, a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā paia he mau waiwai omo wai, ʻoiai nā paia brick, me nā paia Air-concrete, nā papa insulation porous a me nā mea paia hou māmā ʻē aʻe, no laila e mālama ʻia ka slurry gypsum i ka wai e pale aku i kahi hapa o ka wai i loko o ka slurry mai ka neʻe ʻana i ka paia, e hopena ana i ka nele o ka wai i ka wā e paʻakikī ai ka slurry gypsum a me ka lawa ʻole o ka hydration. Loaʻa, e hana ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale a me ka pūpū o ka hui ma waena o ka plaster a me ka ʻili o ka paia. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka mea mālama wai e mālama i ka makū i loko o ka slurry gypsum, e hōʻoia i ka hopena hydration o ka slurry gypsum ma ka interface, i mea e hōʻoia ai i ka ikaika o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana. ʻO nā mea hoʻopaʻa wai i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia he cellulose ethers, e like me: methyl cellulose (MC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC), a pēlā aku. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka polyvinyl alcohol, sodium alginate, modified starch, diatomaceous earth, rare earth powder, a pēlā aku e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana paʻa wai.

ʻOiai ke ʻano o ka mea hoʻopaʻa wai e hiki ke hoʻopaneʻe i ka nui o ka hydration o ka gypsum i nā kekelē like ʻole, ke mau ka nui o ka mea hoʻopaneʻe, hiki i ka mea hoʻopaʻa wai ke hoʻopaneʻe i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana no 15-30 mau minuke. No laila, hiki ke hoʻemi kūpono ʻia ka nui o ka mea hoʻopaneʻe.

He aha ka nui kūpono o ka mea paʻa wai i loko o ka mea pauka gypsum?
Pane: Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻopaʻa wai i nā mea pauka kūkulu e like me ka plastering gypsum, ka bonding gypsum, ka caulking gypsum, a me ka gypsum putty. No ka mea, ua hui pū ʻia kēia ʻano gypsum me kahi mea hoʻopaneʻe, ka mea e kāohi ai i ke kaʻina hana hydration o ka hemihydrate gypsum, pono e hana i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ma ka gypsum slurry e pale aku i kahi hapa o ka wai i loko o ka slurry mai ka neʻe ʻana i ka paia, e hopena ana i ka nele o ka wai a me ka hydration piha ʻole i ka wā e paʻakikī ai ka gypsum slurry. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka mea hoʻopaʻa wai e mālama i ka makū i loko o ka gypsum slurry, e hōʻoia i ka hopena hydration o ka gypsum slurry ma ka interface, i mea e hōʻoia ai i ka ikaika o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana.

ʻO kona nui maʻamau he 0.1% a 0.2% (e helu ana no ka gypsum), ke hoʻohana ʻia ka slurry gypsum ma nā paia me ka omo wai ikaika (e like me ka sima aerated, nā papa insulation perlite, nā poloka gypsum, nā paia brick, a pēlā aku), a i ka wā e hoʻomākaukau ai i ka gypsum hoʻopaʻa, caulking gypsum, surface plastering gypsum a i ʻole ka putty lahilahi o ka ʻili, pono e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mea mālama wai (maʻamau 0.2% a 0.5%).

ʻO nā mea hoʻopaʻa wai e like me ka methyl cellulose (MC) a me ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) he mea hoʻoheheʻe anu, akā e hana lākou i nā puʻupuʻu i ka wā mua ke hoʻoheheʻe pololei ʻia i loko o ka wai. Pono e hui mua ʻia ka mea hoʻopaʻa wai me ka pauka gypsum e hoʻopuehu. E hoʻomākaukau i ka pauka maloʻo; e hoʻohui i ka wai a hoʻoulu, e waiho no 5 mau minuke, e hoʻoulu hou, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena. Eia nō naʻe, aia i kēia manawa nā huahana cellulose ether hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe pololei ʻia i loko o ka wai, akā he liʻiliʻi ko lākou hopena i ka hana ʻana o ka mortar pauka maloʻo.

Pehea e hana ai ka mea pale wai i kahi hana pale wai i loko o ke kino paʻakikī gypsum?
Pane: Hoʻohana nā ʻano mea pale wai like ʻole i kā lākou hana pale wai i loko o ke kino paʻakikī gypsum e like me nā ʻano hana like ʻole. Hiki ke hōʻuluʻulu ʻia i nā ʻano ʻehā:

(1) E hōʻemi i ka solubility o ke kino paʻakikī gypsum, e hoʻonui i ka coefficient palupalu, a hoʻololi hapa i ka calcium sulfate dihydrate me ka solubility kiʻekiʻe i loko o ke kino paʻakikī i ka paʻakai calcium me ka solubility haʻahaʻa. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka waikawa momona synthetic saponified e loaʻa ana iā C7-C9, a ua hoʻohui ʻia ka nui kūpono o ka quicklime a me ka ammonium borate i ka manawa like.

(2) Hana i kahi papa ʻili pale wai e ālai i nā pores capillary maikaʻi i loko o ke kino paʻakikī. No ka laʻana, ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka paraffin emulsion, ka asphalt emulsion, ka rosin emulsion a me ka paraffin-rosin composite emulsion, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka asphalt composite emulsion, a pēlā aku.

(3) E hoʻololi i ka ikehu o ka ʻili o ke kino paʻakikī, i hiki ai i nā mole wai ke noho i loko o kahi kūlana paʻa a ʻaʻole hiki ke komo i loko o nā kahawai capillary. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea pale wai silicone like ʻole, me nā ʻaila silicone emulsified like ʻole.

(4) Ma o ka uhi ʻana i waho a i ʻole ke kuʻi ʻana e hoʻokaʻawale i ka wai mai ke komo ʻana i loko o nā kahawai capillary o ke kino paʻakikī, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano mea pale wai silicone. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā silicones i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka solvent ma mua o nā silicones i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka wai, akā ʻo ka mea mua e hoʻemi ai i ka permeability kinoea o ke kino paʻakikī gypsum.

ʻOiai hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea pale wai like ʻole e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale wai o nā mea kūkulu gypsum ma nā ʻano like ʻole, he mea hoʻopaʻakikī ea nō ka gypsum, ʻaʻole kūpono ia no nā wahi pulu waho a lōʻihi paha, a kūpono wale nō ia no nā wahi me nā kūlana pulu a maloʻo.

He aha ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka gypsum hale e ka mea pale wai?
Pane: ʻElua ala nui o ka hana ʻana o ka mea pale wai gypsum: ʻo kekahi e hoʻonui i ke koina palupalu ma ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka solubility, a ʻo kekahi e hoʻemi i ka nui o ka omo wai o nā mea gypsum. A hiki ke hana ʻia ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka omo wai mai nā ʻano ʻelua. ʻO kekahi e hoʻonui i ka compactness o ka gypsum paʻakikī, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻemi i ka omo wai o ka gypsum ma ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka porosity a me nā māwae kūkulu, i mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kūpaʻa wai o ka gypsum. ʻO kekahi e hoʻonui i ka ikehu o ka ʻili o ke kino paʻakikī gypsum, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻemi i ka omo wai o ka gypsum ma ka hana ʻana i ka ʻili pore e hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni hydrophobic.

ʻO nā mea pale wai e hōʻemi ana i ka porosity e pāʻani i kahi hana ma ke ālai ʻana i nā pores maikaʻi o ka gypsum a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka compactness o ke kino gypsum. Nui nā mea hoʻohui no ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka porosity, e like me: paraffin emulsion, asphalt emulsion, rosin emulsion a me ka paraffin asphalt composite emulsion. He kūpono kēia mau mea pale wai i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka porosity o ka gypsum ma lalo o nā ʻano hoʻonohonoho kūpono, akā i ka manawa like, he hopena maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi i nā huahana gypsum.

ʻO ka mea pale wai maʻamau e hoʻololi ai i ka ikehu o ka ʻili, ʻo ia ka silicone. Hiki iā ia ke komo i loko o ke awa o kēlā me kēia pore, hoʻololi i ka ikehu o ka ʻili i loko o kahi lōʻihi, a pēlā e hoʻololi ai i ke kihi pili me ka wai, e hoʻopili pū i nā mole wai e hana i nā kulu wai, e ālai i ke komo ʻana o ka wai, e hoʻokō i ke kumu o ka pale wai, a i ka manawa like e mālama i ka permeability air o ka plaster. ʻO nā ʻano o kēia ʻano mea pale wai e komo nui ana: sodium methyl siliconate, silicone resin, emulsified silicone oil, etc. ʻOiaʻiʻo, koi kēia mea pale wai ʻaʻole hiki ke nui loa ke anawaena o nā pores, a i ka manawa like ʻaʻole hiki ke pale i ke komo ʻana o ka wai kaomi, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoponopono pono i nā pilikia pale wai a me ka pale wai lōʻihi o nā huahana gypsum.

Hoʻohana nā kānaka noiʻi kūloko i ke ʻano o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea organik a me nā mea inorganic, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma muli o ka mea pale wai emulsion organik i loaʻa ma o ka co-emulsification o ka polyvinyl alcohol a me ka stearic acid, a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pōhaku alum, naphthalenesulfonate aldehyde condensate. Hana ʻia kahi ʻano hou o ka mea pale wai gypsum composite ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka mea pale wai paʻakai. Hiki ke hoʻohui pololei ʻia ka mea pale wai gypsum composite me ka gypsum a me ka wai, e komo i ke kaʻina hana crystallization o ka gypsum, a loaʻa ka hopena pale wai maikaʻi aʻe.

He aha ka hopena pale o ka mea pale wai silane i ka efflorescence i loko o ka gypsum mortar?
Pane: (1) ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka mea pale wai silane hiki ke hōʻemi nui i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka efflorescence o ka mortar gypsum, a ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pale ʻana o ka efflorescence o ka mortar gypsum e piʻi me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hoʻohui silane i loko o kahi pae. ʻO ka hopena inhibitory o ka silane ma 0.4% silane he kūpono ia, a ʻo kona hopena inhibitory e paʻa mau ana i ka wā e ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o kēia nui.

(2) ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka silane ʻaʻole wale ia e hana i kahi papa hydrophobic ma luna o ka mortar e pale ai i ke komo ʻana o ka wai o waho, akā e hōʻemi pū i ka neʻe ʻana o ka lye kūloko e hana i ka efflorescence, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi nui ai i ka hopena inhibitory o ka efflorescence.

(3) ʻOiai ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka silane e kāohi nui i ka efflorescence, ʻaʻohe ona hopena maikaʻi ʻole i nā waiwai mechanical o ka mortar gypsum huahana ʻoihana, a ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke ʻano kūloko a me ka hiki ke hāpai hope loa o nā mea kūkulu hale gypsum dry-mix ʻoihana.