Etera celluloseHe pūhui pūmua he hanganga etera i hangaia ki te cellulose. Kei roto i ia mowhiti glucosyl i roto i te macromolecule cellulose e toru ngā rōpū hydroxyl, ko te rōpū hydroxyl tuatahi kei te ono o ngā ngota waro, ko te rōpū hydroxyl tuarua kei te tuarua me te tuatoru o ngā ngota waro, ā, ko te hauwai i roto i te rōpū hydroxyl ka whakakapia e te rōpū hauwai hei whakaputa i ngā mea e ahu mai ana i te cellulose etera. He hua tēnei e whakakapia ai te hauwai o te rōpū hydroxyl i roto i te pūmua cellulose e te rōpū hauwai. Ko te Cellulose he pūhui pūmua polyhydroxy kāore e rewa, e rewa rānei. I muri i te etherification, ka rewa te cellulose ki te wai, ki te otinga alkali me te whakarewa waro, ā, he thermoplasticity tōna.
He matū polyhydric polymer te cellulose, kāore e rewa, kāore hoki e rewa. I muri i te etherification, ka rewa te cellulose i roto i te wai, i te otinga alkali me te whakarewa waro, ā, he thermoplasticity tōna.
1. Taiao：
Ka tino rerekē te wairewatanga o te cellulose i muri i te etherification. Ka taea te rewa ki te wai, ki te waikawa waimeha, ki te alkali waimeha, ki te whakarewa waro rānei. Ko te waimeha e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga e toru: (1) Ngā āhuatanga o ngā rōpū i whakaurua ki te tukanga etherification, ko te whakaurunga. Ko te nui ake o te rōpū, ko te iti iho o te waimeha, ā, ko te kaha ake o te polarity o te rōpū i whakaurua, ko te māmā ake o te waimeha o te cellulose ether ki te wai; (2) Te nui o te whakakapinga me te tohatoha o ngā rōpū etherified i roto i te macromolecule. Ko te nuinga o ngā cellulose ether ka taea anake te rewa ki te wai i raro i tētahi nui o te whakakapinga, ā, ko te nui o te whakakapinga kei waenganui i te 0 me te 3; (3) Ko te nui o te polymerization o te cellulose ether, ko te teitei ake o te nui o te polymerization, ko te iti ake o te waimeha; Ko te iti ake o te nui o te whakakapinga ka taea te rewa ki te wai, ko te whānui ake o te whānuitanga. He maha ngā momo cellulose ethers me te mahi tino pai, ā, he whānui te whakamahinga i roto i te hanga, te sima, te hinu, te kai, te kakahu, te hopi horoi, te peita, te rongoā, te hanga pepa me ngā wāhanga hiko me ētahi atu ahumahi.
2. Whakawhanakehia：
Ko Haina te kaihanga me te kaihoko nui rawa atu o te ao mō te cellulose ether, me te tere tipu ā-tau toharite neke atu i te 20%. E ai ki ngā tatauranga tuatahi, e 50 ngā umanga whakaputa cellulose ether i Haina, kua neke atu i te 400,000 tana te kaha whakaputa kua hangaia mō te umanga cellulose ether, ā, e 20 ngā umanga me te neke atu i te 10,000 tana, ko te nuinga kei Shandong, Hebei, Chongqing me Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai me ētahi atu wāhi.
3. Hiahia:
I te tau 2011, ko te kaha whakaputa CMC o Haina he tata ki te 300,000 tana. I te mea kei te piki haere te hiahia mō ngā etera cellulose kounga teitei i roto i ngā ahumahi pēnei i te rongoā, te kai, me ngā matū o ia rā, kei te piki haere te hiahia ā-rohe mō ētahi atu hua etera cellulose i tua atu i te CMC. , ko te kaha whakaputa o MC/HPMC he tata ki te 120,000 tana, ā, ko te kaha whakaputa o HEC he tata ki te 20,000 tana. Kei te wā tonu te whakatairanga me te tono o PAC i Haina. I te mea kei te whanake haere ngā mara hinu nui o te moana me te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi hanga, kai, matū me ētahi atu ahumahi, kei te piki haere te nui me te mara o PAC i ia tau, me te kaha whakaputa neke atu i te 10,000 tana.
4. Whakarōpūtanga：
E ai ki te whakarōpūtanga hanganga matū o ngā whakakapinga, ka taea te wehewehe i ēnei ki ngā ether anionic, cationic me te nonionic. I runga i te kaihoko etherification e whakamahia ana, kei reira ngā methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, benzyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose cellulose, cyanoethyl cellulose, benzyl cyanoethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose me te phenyl cellulose, me ētahi atu. He pai ake te whakamahi i te Methyl cellulose me te ethyl cellulose.
Metilselulosa
I muri i te rongoā o te miro kua whakapaia ki te kawakore, ka puta te cellulose ether mā roto i te raupapa o ngā tauhohenga me te methane chloride hei kaihoko etherification. Ko te tikanga, ko te taumata o te whakakapinga he 1.6~2.0, ā, he rerekē anō hoki te wairewatanga me ngā taumata rerekē o te whakakapinga. Nō te cellulose ether kore-ionic tēnei.
(1) Ka wairewa te Methylcellulose i roto i te wai matao, ā, he uaua ki te wairewa i roto i te wai wera. He tino pumau tōna wairewa wai i roto i te awhe pH=3~12. He pai te hototahitanga ki te māngaro, te kapia guar, me ētahi atu, me te maha o ngā surfactants. Ina tae te pāmahana ki te pāmahana gelation, ka puta te gelation.
(2) Ko te pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te tāpiri, te matotoru, te rahi o te matūriki me te tere whakarewa. I te nuinga o te wā, ki te nui te nui o te tāpiri, he iti te pai, ā, ki te nui te matotoru, he teitei te tere pupuri wai. I roto i ēnei, ko te nui o te tāpiri te mea nui rawa atu te pānga ki te tere pupuri wai, ā, kāore te taumata matotoru e rite tika ki te taumata o te tere pupuri wai. Ko te tere whakarewa e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te whakarerekētanga mata o ngā matūriki cellulose me te pai o te matūriki. I roto i ngā cellulose ethers o runga ake nei, he nui ake ngā tere pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose me te hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
(3) Ka pā kino ngā panonitanga o te pāmahana ki te pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose. I te nuinga o te wā, ka nui ake te pāmahana, ka kino ake te pupuri wai. Mena ka neke ake te pāmahana o te moata i te 40°C, ka tino heke te pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose, ka pā kino ki te hanganga o te moata.
(4)Mītirau pūtauHe pānga nui tēnei ki te ngāwari o te mahi me te piri o te moata. Ko te "piripiri" i konei e pā ana ki te kaha piri i waenganui i te taputapu tono a te kaimahi me te papa pakitara, arā, te ātete kutikuti o te moata. He teitei te piri, he nui te ātete kutikuti o te moata, ā, he nui hoki te kaha e hiahiatia ana e ngā kaimahi i te wā e whakamahia ana, ā, he ngoikore te mahi hanga o te moata. He waenga te piri o te methyl cellulose i roto i ngā hua cellulose ether.
Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose:
Ko te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose he momo cellulose e tere piki haere ana te putanga me te whakamahinga. He cellulose kore-ionic i konatunatua ki te ether i hangaia mai i te miro kua whakapaia i muri i te alkaliization, ma te whakamahi i te propylene oxide me te methyl chloride hei kaihoko etherification, mā roto i te raupapa o ngā tauhohenga. Ko te taumata o te whakakapinga he 1.2~2.0. Ka rerekē ōna āhuatanga i runga i te ōwehenga o te ihirangi methoxyl ki te ihirangi hydroxypropyl.
(1) He ngāwari te wairewa o te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki te wai matao, ā, ka uaua te wairewa ki te wai wera. Engari he nui ake te pāmahana o tōna wairewatanga i roto i te wai wera i tō te methyl cellulose. He nui ake hoki te pai o te wairewatanga i roto i te wai matao ki te whakaritea ki te methyl cellulose.
(2) E pā ana te matotoru o te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki tōna taumaha ngota, ā, ki te nui ake te taumaha ngota, ka teitei ake te matotoru. Ka pā anō hoki te pāmahana ki tōna matotoru, i te pikinga o te pāmahana, ka heke te matotoru. Heoi, he iti iho te awe o tōna matotoru me te pāmahana teitei i tō te methyl cellulose. He pumau tōna otinga ina rongoatia ki te pāmahana rūma.
(3) Ko te pupuri wai o te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te tāpiri, te matotoru, me ētahi atu, ā, ko tōna tere pupuri wai i raro i te nui tāpiri kotahi he teitei ake i te methyl cellulose.
(4)Hydroxypropyl methylcelluloseHe pumau ki te waikawa me te kawakore, ā, he tino pumau tōna wairewa i te awhe pH=2~12. He iti noa te pānga o te houra kautika me te wai raima ki tōna mahi, engari ka taea e te kawakore te tere ake i tōna memeha me te whakanui ake i tōna matotoru. He pumau te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki ngā tote noa, engari ina teitei te kukū o te wairewa tote, ka piki ake te matotoru o te wairewa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
(5) Ka taea te whakaranu i te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose me ngā matū polymer wairewa-wai hei hanga i tētahi otinga ōrite, matotoru ake. Pērā i te waipiro polyvinyl, te māngaro ether, te kapia huawhenua, me ētahi atu.
(6) He pai ake te ātete o te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki ngā whākōkī i te methylcellulose, ā, he iti ake te tūponotanga ka pakaruhia tōna otinga e ngā whākōkī i te methylcellulose.
(7) He nui ake te piri o te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki te hanganga moata i tō te methylcellulose.
Te pūhui hauwaioraitiri
He mea hanga mai i te miro kua parakoretia kua rongoatia ki te kawakore, ā, ka tauhohe ki te ethylene oxide hei kaihoko etherification i te aroaro o te isopropanol. Ko tōna taumata whakakapinga he 1.5~2.0. He kaha te wai-aroha, ā, he ngāwari ki te mimiti i te makuku.
(1) Ka wairewa te hydroxyethyl cellulose ki te wai matao, engari he uaua ki te wairewa ki te wai wera. Ka pumau tōna otinga i te pāmahana teitei, kāore e whakapūpū. Ka taea te whakamahi mō te wā roa i raro i te pāmahana teitei i roto i te moata, engari he iti ake tōna pupuri wai i tērā o te methyl cellulose.
(2) He pumau te Hydroxyethyl cellulose ki te waikawa whānui me te alkali, ā, ka taea e te alkali te whakatere i tōna memeha me te whakanui ake i tōna matotoru. He kino ake tōna memeha i roto i te wai i tērā o te methyl cellulose me te hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
(3) He pai te mahi ārai-totoka a te Hydroxyethyl cellulose mō te moata, engari he roa ake te wā whakaroa mō te sima.
(4) Ko te mahi a te hydroxyethyl cellulose i hangaia e ētahi umanga ā-rohe he iti iho i te mahi a te methyl cellulose nā te nui o te wai me te nui o te pungarehu.
(5) He tino kino te harore o te wairewa hydroxyethyl cellulose. I te pāmahana o te 40°C, ka puta pea te harore i roto i ngā rā e 3 ki te 5, ka pā ki tōna mahi.
Carboxymethyl cellulose：
Ko te irahiko cellulose ether he mea hanga mai i ngā muka taiao (miro, me ētahi atu) i muri i te maimoatanga alkali, te whakamahi i te konutai monochloroacetate hei kaihoko etherification, me te whai i te raupapa o ngā maimoatanga tauhohenga. Ko te nui o te whakakapinga he 0.4 ~ 1.4, ā, ko tōna mahi he tino pāngia e te nui o te whakakapinga.
(1) He waiora ake te Carboxymethyl cellulose, ā, ka nui ake te wai kei roto ina rongoatia i raro i ngā āhuatanga whānui.
(2) Kāore te wairewa wai o te carboxymethyl cellulose e whakaputa i te kirikiri, ā, ka heke te matotoru i te pikinga o te pāmahana. Ina neke atu te pāmahana i te 50°C, kāore e taea te whakakore i te matotoru.
(3) He nui te pānga o te pH ki tōna pumau. I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i te moata gypsum, engari kāore i roto i te moata sima. Ina tino kawakore, ka ngaro te matotoru.
(4) He iti ake tōna pupuri wai i te methyl cellulose. He pānga whakaroa tōna ki te moata gypsum, ā, ka whakaiti i tōna kaha. Heoi, he iti ake te utu o te carboxymethyl cellulose i te methyl cellulose.
Cellulose Alkyl Ether：
Ko ngā mea e tohu ana ko te methyl cellulose me te ethyl cellulose. I roto i te whakaputanga ahumahi, ka whakamahia te methyl chloride, te ethyl chloride rānei hei kaihoko etherification, ā, ko te tauhohenga penei:
I roto i te tātai, ko te R e tohu ana i te CH3, i te C2H5 rānei. Ehara i te mea ko te nui o te etherification anake te pānga o te kukū alkali, engari ko te whakamahinga o ngā alkyl halides anō hoki. Ko te iti o te kukū alkali, ko te kaha ake o te hydrolysis o te alkyl halide. Hei whakaiti i te whakamahinga o te etherifying agent, me whakanui ake te kukū alkali. Heoi, ina teitei rawa te kukū alkali, ka whakaitihia te pānga pupuhi o te cellulose, kāore e pai mō te tauhohenga etherification, ā, nō reira ka whakaitihia te nui o te etherification. Mō tēnei kaupapa, ka taea te tāpiri i te lye kukū, te lye totoka rānei i te wā o te tauhohenga. Me whai taputapu whakaoho me te haehae pai te tauhohenga kia taea ai te tohatoha ōrite i te alkali. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te Methyl cellulose hei whakamātotoru, hei piri me te colloid tiaki, me ētahi atu. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei whakamarara mō te polymerization emulsion, hei whakamarara hononga mō ngā purapura, hei paru kakahu, hei tāpiri mō te kai me ngā mea whakapaipai, hei piri hauora, hei rauemi paninga rongoā, ā, ka whakamahia hoki ki te peita rapa, te waituhi tā, te hanga uku, me te whakaranu ki te sima. Ka whakamahia hei whakahaere i te wā whakatakoto me te whakanui ake i te kaha tīmatanga, me ētahi atu. He kaha miihini teitei ngā hua Ethyl cellulose, he ngāwari, he ātete wera me te ātete makariri. Ka wairewa te ethyl cellulose iti-whakakapinga ki te wai me ngā otinga kawakore waimeha, ā, ka wairewa ngā hua nui-whakakapinga ki te nuinga o ngā whakarewa waro. He pai te hototahi ki ngā momo kapia me ngā kirihou. Ka taea te whakamahi hei hanga kirihou, kiriata, wanihi, piripiri, rapa me ngā rauemi paninga mō ngā rongoā, me ētahi atu. Mā te whakaurunga o ngā rōpū hydroxyalkyl ki roto i ngā cellulose alkyl ethers ka taea te whakapai ake i tōna wairewatanga, te whakaiti i tōna aro ki te tote, te whakanui ake i te pāmahana gelation me te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga rewa wera, me ētahi atu. Ka rerekē te nui o te huringa o ngā āhuatanga o runga ake nei i runga i te āhua o ngā whakakapinga me te ōwehenga o te alkyl ki ngā rōpū hydroxyalkyl.
Te Etera Hydroxyalkyl Cellulose：
Ko ngā mea e tohu ana ko te hydroxyethyl cellulose me te hydroxypropyl cellulose. Ko ngā mea e whakapūmau ana ko ngā epoxides pērā i te ethylene oxide me te propylene oxide. Whakamahia te waikawa, te turanga rānei hei whakakorikori. Ko te mahi ahumahi he tauhohe i te cellulose alkali ki te kaihoko etherification:te hauwaitoiretiri pūtauHe nui te uara whakakapinga ka wairewa i roto i te wai matao me te wai wera. Ko te hydroxypropyl cellulose he nui te uara whakakapinga ka wairewa noa i roto i te wai matao engari kāore i roto i te wai wera. Ka taea te whakamahi i te hydroxyethyl cellulose hei whakamātotoru mō ngā paninga rapa, ngā whakapiri tā me te tae kakahu, ngā rauemi rahi pepa, ngā piripiri me ngā colloid tiaki. He rite te whakamahinga o te hydroxypropyl cellulose ki te hydroxyethyl cellulose. Ka taea te whakamahi i te hydroxypropyl cellulose he iti te uara whakakapinga hei tāpiri rongoā, ka taea e ia te here me te memeha.
Ko te Carboxymethyl cellulose, te whakarāpopototanga reo Ingarihi o te CMC, kei te nuinga o te wā kei roto i te ahua o te tote konutai. Ko te waikawa monochloroacetic te kaihoko etherifying, ā, ko te tauhohenga penei:
Ko te carboxymethyl cellulose te cellulose ether wairewa-wai e whakamahia whānuitia ana. I mua, i whakamahia whānuitia hei paru keri, engari ināianei kua whānuitia hei tāpiringa mō te hopi horoi, te paru kakahu, te peita rapa, te paninga o te kātene me te pepa, me ētahi atu. Ka taea te whakamahi i te carboxymethyl cellulose parakore ki te kai, ki te rongoā, ki ngā mea whakapaipai, tae atu ki te piri mō ngā uku me ngā pokepokea ai.
Ko te Polyanionic cellulose (PAC) he ether cellulose ionic, ā, he hua whakakapinga kounga teitei mō te carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). He paura mā, he mā, he kōwhai paku rānei, kāore he paitini, kāore he reka, he ngāwari ki te rewa ki te wai hei hanga i tētahi otinga mārama me te matotoru, he pai ake te ātete ki te wera me te ātete ki te tote, ā, he kaha ngā āhuatanga patu huakita. Kāore he harore, he pirau rānei. He āhuatanga o te parakore teitei, te nui o te whakakapinga, me te tohatoha ōrite o ngā whakakapinga. Ka taea te whakamahi hei here, hei whakamātotoru, hei whakarerekē rheology, hei whakaiti i te ngaronga wai, hei whakaū i te whakatārewatanga, me ētahi atu. He whānui te whakamahinga o te Polyanionic cellulose (PAC) i roto i ngā ahumahi katoa ka taea te whakamahi i te CMC, ka taea te whakaiti i te horopeta, te whakahaere i te whakamahinga, te whakarato i te pumau pai ake me te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga tukanga teitei ake.
Ko te cyanoethyl cellulose te hua tauhohenga o te cellulose me te acrylonitrile i raro i te whakaterenga o te kawakore.
He teitei te pūmau dielectric o te cyanoethyl cellulose, ā, he iti te tauwehenga mate, ā, ka taea te whakamahi hei matrix resin mō ngā rama phosphor me ngā rama electroluminescent. Ka taea te whakamahi i te cyanoethyl cellulose iti-whakakapinga hei pepa whakamahana mō ngā transformers.
Kua whakaritea ngā etera waipiro ngako teitei, ngā etera alkenyl, me ngā etera waipiro kakara o te cellulose, engari kāore anō kia whakamahia i roto i te mahi.
Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā tikanga whakarite mō te cellulose ether ki te tikanga wai, te tikanga whakarewa, te tikanga pokepoke, te tikanga parai, te tikanga hau-totoka, te tikanga wāhanga wai me te whakakotahitanga o ngā tikanga o runga ake nei.
5. Te kaupapa whakarite:
Ka rumakina te penupenu α-cellulose teitei ki te otinga kawakore hei pupuhi kia whakangaro i ngā hononga hauwai, kia tere ai te horapa o ngā matū me te whakaputa i te cellulose kawakore, kātahi ka tauhohe ki te kaihoko etherification hei whiwhi i te cellulose ether. Kei roto i ngā kaihoko etherifying ko ngā hauwai hauwai (ngā sulfate rānei), ngā epoxide, me ngā pūhui α me te β kāore i te mākū me ngā kaiwhiwhi irahiko.
6. Mahi taketake:
He mea nui te mahi a ngā tāpiringa ki te whakapai ake i te mahi hanga moata maroke-ranu, ā, neke atu i te 40% o te utu rauemi mō te moata maroke-ranu. He nui te wāhanga o te tāpiringa i te mākete o roto e tukuna ana e ngā kaihanga o tāwāhi, ā, ko te horopeta tohutoro o te hua e whakaratohia ana hoki e te kaiwhakarato. Nō reira, kei te teitei tonu te utu o ngā hua moata maroke-ranu, ā, he uaua ki te whakatairanga i ngā moata pereki me te parai noa me te nui me te whānuitanga o ngā momo. Ko ngā hua mākete teitei kei te whakahaerehia e ngā kamupene o tāwāhi, ā, he iti ngā hua o ngā kaihanga moata maroke-ranu me te iti o te utu; kāore i te whai rangahau pūnaha me te arotahi te whakamahinga o ngā tāpiringa, ā, ka whai matapo i ngā tikanga o tāwāhi.
Ko te kaihopu wai he mea tāpiri matua hei whakapai ake i te mahi pupuri wai o te moata maroke-ranu, ā, ko ia anō hoki tētahi o ngā mea tāpiri matua hei whakatau i te utu o ngā rauemi moata maroke-ranu. Ko te mahi matua o te cellulose ether ko te pupuri wai.
Ko te cellulose ether he kupu whānui mō te raupapa o ngā hua i puta mai i te tauhohenga o te cellulose alkali me te kaihoko etherifying i raro i ētahi tikanga. Ka whakakapia te cellulose alkali ki ngā kaihoko etherifying rerekē hei whiwhi i ngā cellulose ether rerekē. E ai ki ngā āhuatanga ionization o ngā whakakapinga, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā cellulose ether ki ngā wāhanga e rua: ionic (pēnei i te carboxymethyl cellulose) me te nonionic (pēnei i te methyl cellulose). E ai ki te momo whakakapinga, ka taea te wehewehe i te cellulose ether ki te monoether (pēnei i te methyl cellulose) me te ether whakauru (pēnei i te hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose). E ai ki ngā rerekētanga o te wairewatanga, ka taea te wehewehe ki te wairewatanga wai (pēnei i te hydroxyethyl cellulose) me te wairewatanga whakarewa waro (pēnei i te ethyl cellulose). Ko te moata maroke-ranu he cellulose wairewa-wai te nuinga, ā, ko te cellulose wairewa-wai ka wehea ki te momo inamata me te momo wairewa-whakaroa-mata-maimoatia.
Ko te tikanga mahi a te cellulose ether i roto i te moata penei:
(1) I muri i tete etera celluloseI roto i te moata ka rewa ki te wai, ka whakaritehia te tohatoha whai hua me te ōrite o te rauemi sima i roto i te pūnaha nā te mahi o te mata, ā, ka "takai" te cellulose ether, hei colloid tiaki, i ngā matūriki totoka, ā, ka hangaia he paparanga kiriata hinu ki tōna mata o waho, ka pai ake te pumau o te pūnaha moata, ā, ka whakapai ake hoki i te rere o te moata i te wā e whakaranua ana me te maeneene o te hanganga.
(2) Nā tōna ake hanganga ngota, ka kore e ngawari te ngaro o te makuku i roto i te moata e te otinga cellulose ether, ā, ka tukuna mārire i roto i te wā roa, ka pai te pupuri wai me te ngāwari o te mahi a te moata.
Wā tuku: 28 Paenga-whāwhā 2024