Cellulose waa polysaccharide isku dhafan oo ka kooban unugyo badan oo gulukoos ah oo ku xiran isku-xidhka β-1,4-glycosidic. Waa qaybta ugu weyn ee derbiyada unugyada dhirta waxayna siisaa derbiyada unugyada dhirta taageero dhisme oo adag iyo adkaysi. Sababtoo ah silsiladda molecular-ka ee cellulose-ka ee dheer iyo kirismaska sare, waxay leedahay xasillooni xooggan iyo milmi la'aan.
(1) Astaamaha cellulose-ka iyo dhibka milmida
Cellulose waxay leedahay sifooyinka soo socda ee adkeynaya in la milmo:
Crystallinity Sare: Silsiladaha molecular-ka cellulose waxay sameeyaan qaab-dhismeed shabag adag iyada oo loo marayo xidhmooyinka hydrogen iyo xoogga van der Waals.
Heerka sare ee polymerization: Heerka polymerization (tusaale ahaan dhererka silsiladda molecular) ee cellulose waa mid sarreeya, badanaa wuxuu u dhexeeyaa boqolaal ilaa kumanaan unug oo gulukoos ah, taasoo kordhisa xasilloonida molecule-ka.
Shabakadda isku xidhka haydarojiin: Xidhmooyinka haydarojiinku waxay si weyn uga jiraan inta u dhaxaysa iyo gudaha silsiladaha molecular-ka cellulose, taasoo adkeyneysa in la burburiyo oo ay milmaan dareereyaal guud.
(2) Waxyaabaha dhaliya falcelinta cellulose-ka
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, waxyaabaha la yaqaan ee si wax ku ool ah u milmi kara cellulose waxaa inta badan ka mid ah qaybaha soo socda:
1. Dareeraha Ionic
Dareeraha Ionic waa dareere ka kooban cations organic iyo anions organic ama inorganic ah, badanaa leh isbeddel yar, xasillooni kuleyl sare iyo hagaajin sare. Dareeraha ionic qaarkood waxay milmi karaan cellulose, habka ugu weynna waa in la jebiyo xiriirka haydarojiinta ee u dhexeeya silsiladaha molecular cellulose. Dareeraha ionic ee caadiga ah ee milma cellulose waxaa ka mid ah:
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl): Dareerahan ionic-ka ah wuxuu milmaa cellulose isagoo la falgalaya xidhmooyinka haydarojiin ee cellulose iyada oo loo marayo aqbalayaasha xidhmooyinka haydarojiin.
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM][Ac]): Dareerahan ionic-ka ah wuxuu milmi karaa heerarka sare ee cellulose marka ay jiraan xaalado khafiif ah.
2. Xalka oksaydhka Amine
Xalka oksaydhka Amine sida xalka isku dhafan ee diethylamine (DEA) iyo copper chloride waxaa loo yaqaan [Xalka Cu(II)-ammonium], kaas oo ah nidaam dareere xooggan oo milmi kara cellulose. Waxay burburisaa qaab-dhismeedka kiristaalka ee cellulose iyada oo loo marayo oksaydheynta iyo isku xidhka haydarojiin, taasoo ka dhigaysa silsiladda molecular-ka cellulose mid jilicsan oo milmi karta.
3. Nidaamka Lithium chloride-dimethylacetamide (LiCl-DMac)
Nidaamka LiCl-DMac (lithium chloride-dimethylacetamide) waa mid ka mid ah hababka caadiga ah ee lagu milmo cellulose. LiCl wuxuu samayn karaa tartan loogu jiro xidhmooyinka haydarojiin, taasoo burburinaysa shabakadda xidhmooyinka haydarojiin ee u dhexeeya molecules-ka cellulose, halka DMAc oo ah dareere si fiican ula falgeli kara silsiladda molecule-ka cellulose.
4. Xalka aashitada hydrochloric/zinc chloride
Xalka hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride waa falgal hore loo helay oo milmi kara cellulose. Waxay milmi kartaa cellulose iyadoo samaynaysa saameyn isku-dhafan oo u dhaxaysa silsiladaha molecular-ka zinc chloride iyo cellulose, iyo hydrochloric acid oo burburiya isku-xidhka hydrogen-ka ee u dhexeeya molecules-ka cellulose. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xalkani aad buu u xoqaa qalabka wuxuuna ku kooban yahay codsiyada wax ku oolka ah.
5. Ensaymyada Fibrinolytic
Ensaymyada Fibrinolytic (sida cellulases) waxay milmaan cellulose iyagoo kicinaya kala-goynta cellulose una beddelaya oligosaccharides yaryar iyo monosaccharides. Habkani wuxuu leeyahay codsiyo badan oo ku saabsan qaybaha kala-goynta biogradation iyo beddelka biomass, inkastoo habka kala-goyntiisu uusan ahayn kala-goynta kiimikada oo dhammaystiran, laakiin lagu gaaro biocatalysis.
(3) Habka kala dirista cellulose-ka
Waxyaabaha kala duwan ee firfircoonida leh waxay leeyihiin farsamooyin kala duwan oo lagu kala diro cellulose-ka, laakiin guud ahaan waxaa loo aanayn karaa laba farsamo oo waaweyn:
Burburinta xidhmooyinka haydarojiin: Burburinta xidhmooyinka haydarojiin ee u dhexeeya silsiladaha molecule-ka iyada oo loo marayo sameynta xidhmooyinka haydarojiin ee tartanka ama isdhexgalka ionic, taasoo ka dhigaysa mid milma.
Nasashada silsiladda molecular-ka: Kordhinta jilicsanaanta silsiladaha molecular-ka cellulose iyo yaraynta crystallinity-ga silsiladaha molecular-ka iyada oo loo marayo habab jireed ama kiimiko, si ay ugu milmaan dareereyaal.
(4) Adeegsiga wax ku oolka ah ee kala dirista cellulose-ka
Kala dirista cellulose waxay leedahay codsiyo muhiim ah oo dhinacyo badan ah:
Diyaarinta waxyaabaha ka soo baxa cellulose: Ka dib marka la kala diro cellulose, waxaa si kiimiko ah loogu beddeli karaa si loogu diyaariyo cellulose ethers, cellulose esters iyo waxyaabo kale oo ka soo baxa, kuwaas oo si weyn loogu isticmaalo cuntada, daawada, dahaarka iyo meelaha kale.
Alaabada ku salaysan cellulose: Waxaa la diyaarin karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo cellulose milmay, nanofibers cellulose, xuubka cellulose iyo agab kale. Alaabadani waxay leeyihiin sifooyin farsamo oo wanaagsan iyo iswaafajin bayooloji.
Tamarta bayoomajiga: Marka la milmo oo la burburiyo cellulose-ka, waxaa loo rogi karaa sonkor la khamiirin karo si loo soo saaro shidaalka bayoomajiga sida bioethanol, taasoo gacan ka geysaneysa horumarinta iyo isticmaalka tamarta la cusboonaysiin karo.
Kala dirista cellulose waa geedi socod adag oo ku lug leh farsamooyin badan oo kiimiko iyo jireed. Dareeraha Ionic, xalalka amino oxidant, nidaamyada LiCl-DMac, xalalka hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride iyo enzymes cellolytic ayaa hadda loo yaqaanaa inay yihiin wakiillo wax ku ool ah oo lagu milmo cellulose. Wakiil kastaa wuxuu leeyahay farsamo u gaar ah oo kala dirista iyo goobta codsiga. Iyadoo la raacayo daraasadda qoto dheer ee habka kala dirista cellulose, waxaa la rumeysan yahay in la horumarin doono hababka kala dirista ee waxtarka badan leh oo deegaanka u fiican, taasoo bixinaysa fursado badan oo loogu talagalay isticmaalka iyo horumarinta cellulose.
Waqtiga boostada: Luulyo-09-2024