He polysaccharide paʻakikī ka Cellulose i haku ʻia me nā ʻāpana glucose he nui i hoʻopili ʻia e nā pilina β-1,4-glycosidic. ʻO ia ka ʻāpana nui o nā paia o nā cell mea kanu a hāʻawi i nā paia o nā cell mea kanu i ke kākoʻo kūkulu ikaika a me ka paʻa. Ma muli o ke kaulahao molekala cellulose lōʻihi a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka crystallinity, he paʻa ikaika a he hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
(1) Nā waiwai o ka cellulose a me ka paʻakikī i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana
Loaʻa i ka Cellulose nā waiwai e hiki ai ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia:
ʻO ke kristalin kiʻekiʻe: Hoʻokumu nā kaulahao molekala cellulose i kahi ʻano lattice paʻa ma o nā pilina hydrogen a me nā mana van der Waals.
Ke kiʻekiʻe o ka polymerization: ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka polymerization (ʻo ia hoʻi ka lōʻihi o ke kaulahao molekala) o ka cellulose he kiʻekiʻe, maʻamau mai nā haneli a i nā tausani o nā ʻāpana glucose, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ke kūpaʻa o ka molekala.
Pūnaewele hoʻopaʻa hydrogen: Loaʻa nui nā hoʻopaʻa hydrogen ma waena a ma loko o nā kaulahao molekala cellulose, e paʻakikī ai ke luku ʻia a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e nā mea hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau.
(2) Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe e hoʻoheheʻe i ka cellulose
I kēia manawa, ʻo nā reagents i ʻike ʻia e hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe pono i ka cellulose e komo pū me kēia mau mahele:
1. Nā Wai Ionic
ʻO nā wai ionic he mau wai i haku ʻia me nā cation organik a me nā anion organik a inorganic paha, maʻamau me ka volatility haʻahaʻa, ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka hiki ke hoʻololi kiʻekiʻe. Hiki i kekahi mau wai ionic ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka cellulose, a ʻo ke ʻano nui ka uhaki ʻana i nā pilina hydrogen ma waena o nā kaulahao molekala cellulose. ʻO nā wai ionic maʻamau e hoʻoheheʻe i ka cellulose:
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl): Hoʻoheheʻe kēia wai ionic i ka cellulose ma ka launa pū ʻana me nā pilina hydrogen i loko o ka cellulose ma o nā mea hoʻokipa hydrogen bond.
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM][Ac]): Hiki i kēia wai ionic ke hoʻoheheʻe i nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka cellulose ma lalo o nā kūlana akahai.
2. Hoʻonā ʻona Amine
ʻO ka hopena amine oxidant e like me ka hopena i hui pū ʻia o ka diethylamine (DEA) a me ke keleawe chloride ua kapa ʻia ʻo [Cu(II)-ammonium solution], he ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe ikaika e hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka cellulose. Hoʻopau ia i ke ʻano kristal o ka cellulose ma o ka oxidation a me ka hydrogen bonding, e hoʻolilo ana i ke kaulahao molekala cellulose i palupalu a ʻoi aku ka soluble.
3. ʻŌnaehana Lithium chloride-dimethylacetamide (LiCl-DMac)
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana LiCl-DMac (lithium chloride-dimethylacetamide) kekahi o nā ʻano hana maʻamau no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka cellulose. Hiki iā LiCl ke hana i kahi hoʻokūkū no nā pilina hydrogen, a laila e hoʻopau ana i ka pūnaewele pilina hydrogen ma waena o nā mole cellulose, ʻoiai ʻo DMAc ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe hiki ke launa pū me ke kaulahao mole cellulose.
4. Hoʻonā waikawa hydrochloric/zinc chloride
ʻO ka hopena hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride kahi mea hana i ʻike mua ʻia e hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka cellulose. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka cellulose ma ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi hopena hoʻohui ma waena o ka zinc chloride a me nā kaulahao molekala cellulose, a me ka waikawa hydrochloric e luku ana i nā pilina hydrogen ma waena o nā molekala cellulose. Eia nō naʻe, he mea ʻino loa kēia hopena i nā lako a ua kaupalena ʻia i nā hoʻohana pono.
5. Nā enzyme fibrinolytic
Hoʻoheheʻe nā enzymes Fibrinolytic (e like me nā cellulases) i ka cellulose ma o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka decomposition o ka cellulose i loko o nā oligosaccharides liʻiliʻi a me nā monosaccharides. Loaʻa i kēia ʻano hana kahi ākea o nā noi ma nā kahua o ka biodegradation a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka biomass, ʻoiai ʻaʻole kona kaʻina hoʻoheheʻe ʻana he hoʻoheheʻe kemika piha, akā ua hoʻokō ʻia ma o ka biocatalysis.
(3) Ke ʻano hana o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka cellulose
He ʻokoʻa nā ʻano hana o nā reagents like ʻole no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka cellulose, akā ma ke ʻano laulā hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i ʻelua mau ʻano hana nui:
Ka luku ʻana i nā pilina hydrogen: Ka luku ʻana i nā pilina hydrogen ma waena o nā kaulahao molekala cellulose ma o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pilina hydrogen hoʻokūkū a i ʻole ka pilina ionic, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ai.
Hoʻomaha kaulahao molekala: Hoʻonui i ka palupalu o nā kaulahao molekala cellulose a me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka crystallinity o nā kaulahao molekala ma o nā ʻano kino a kemika paha, i hiki ai ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe.
(4) Nā hoʻohana kūpono o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka cellulose
He nui nā noi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka cellulose ma nā ʻano he nui:
Ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā derivatives cellulose: Ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka cellulose, hiki ke hoʻololi hou ʻia i ka kemika e hoʻomākaukau i nā ethers cellulose, nā esters cellulose a me nā derivatives ʻē aʻe, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka meaʻai, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā uhi a me nā mahina ʻē aʻe.
Nā mea i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka cellulose: Hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cellulose i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, nā nanofibers cellulose, nā membrane cellulose a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa i kēia mau mea nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi a me ka biocompatibility.
Ikehu biomass: Ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka cellulose, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i loko o nā kō fermentable no ka hana ʻana i nā biofuels e like me ka bioethanol, kahi e kōkua ai i ka hoʻokō ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu hou.
He hana paʻakikī ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka cellulose e pili ana i nā ʻano kemika a me nā ʻano kino he nui. ʻO nā wai Ionic, nā hopena amino oxidant, nā ʻōnaehana LiCl-DMAc, nā hopena hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride a me nā enzyme cellolytic i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa he mau mea hana kūpono no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka cellulose. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia mea hana kāna ʻano hoʻoheheʻe ponoʻī a me ke kahua noi. Me ke aʻo hohonu ʻana i ka ʻano hoʻoheheʻe cellulose, ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia e hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻano hoʻoheheʻe ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ke aloha i ke kaiapuni, e hāʻawi ana i nā hiki hou aʻe no ka hoʻohana ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka cellulose.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iulai-09-2024