Selulosi ni polysaccharide ikomeye igizwe n'ibice byinshi bya glucose bihujwe n'imigozi ya β-1,4-glycosidic. Ni yo gice cy'ingenzi cy'inkuta z'uturemangingo tw'ibimera kandi igaha inkuta z'uturemangingo tw'ibimera inkunga ikomeye y'imiterere n'ubukomere. Bitewe n'uruhererekane rurerure rwa molekile za selulosi hamwe n'ubutare bwinshi, ifite ituze rikomeye kandi ntishobora gushonga.
(1) Imiterere ya selulose n'ingorane zo gushonga
Selulosi ifite imiterere ikurikira ituma bigorana gushonga:
Uburemere bwinshi: Imiyoboro ya molekile ya selulose ikora imiterere ikomeye ya lattice binyuze mu migozi ya hydrogen na van der Waals.
Urwego rwo hejuru rwa polymerization: Urwego rwa polymerization (ni ukuvuga uburebure bw'urunigi rwa molekile) rwa selulosi ni rwinshi, akenshi ruva ku magana kugeza ku bihumbi bya glucose, ibyo byongera umutumba wa molekile.
Urusobe rw'imigozi ya hydrogène: Imigozi ya hydrogène igaragara cyane hagati no mu migozi ya molekile ya cellulose, bigatuma bigorana gusenywa no gushonga n'ibintu bisukura umubiri.
(2) Ibikoresho bishongesha selulose
Muri iki gihe, ibintu bizwi bishobora gushonga neza selulose birimo ahanini ibyiciro bikurikira:
1. Ibinyobwa bya Ionic
Ibinyobwa bya Ionic ni ibinyobwa bigizwe na cations organic na anions organic cyangwa inorganic, akenshi bifite imihindagurikire mike, ubushyuhe bwinshi buhamye kandi bishobora guhinduka cyane. Ibinyobwa bimwe na bimwe bya Ionic bishobora gushonga cellulose, kandi uburyo nyamukuru ni uguca imigozi ya hydrogen hagati y'iminyururu ya molekile ya cellulose. Ibinyobwa bisanzwe bya Ionic bishonga cellulose birimo:
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl): Iki gikoresho cya ionic gishongesha cellulose binyuze mu gukorana n'imigozi ya hydrogen muri cellulose binyuze mu byuma bitanga imigozi ya hydrogen.
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM][Ac]): Iki gikoresho cya ionic gishobora gushonga ingano nini ya selulose mu gihe cyoroheje cyane.
2. Umuti wa amine oxidation
Umuti wa amine oxydant nk'umuti uvanze wa diethylamine (DEA) na chloride y'umuringa witwa [umuti wa Cu (II)-ammonium], ukaba ari sisitemu ikomeye y'umuti ishobora gushonga cellulose. Yangiza imiterere ya kristu ya cellulose binyuze mu gushonga no guhuza hydrogen, bigatuma uruhererekane rwa molekile ya cellulose rworoha kandi rugashonga kurushaho.
3. Sisitemu ya Lithium chloride-dimethylacetamide (LiCl-DMac)
Sisitemu ya LiCl-DMac (lithium chloride-dimethylacetamide) ni bumwe mu buryo busanzwe bwo gushonga cellulose. LiCl ishobora guhatana ku migozi ya hydrogen, bityo igasenya umuyoboro wa hydrogen hagati ya molekile za cellulose, mu gihe DMac nk'umusemburo ishobora gukorana neza n'uruhererekane rwa molekile za cellulose.
4. Umuti wa aside hydrochloric/zinc chloride
Umuti wa aside hydrochloric/zinc chloride ni reagent yavumbuwe kare ishobora gushonga cellulose. Ishobora gushonga cellulose ikora ingaruka zo guhuza hagati ya zinc chloride na cellulose molike chains, na aside hydrochloric ikangiza imigozi ya hydrogen hagati ya molecules za cellulose. Ariko, uyu muti uhumanya cyane ibikoresho kandi ukoreshwa mu buryo bufatika.
5. Enzymes za fibrinolytic
Enzymes za fibrinolytic (nk'uturemangingo) zishongesha cellulose binyuze mu gukurura ivunguka rya cellulose mu turemangingo duto twa oligosaccharide na monosaccharide. Ubu buryo bufite akamaro kanini mu bijyanye no kwangirika kw'ibinyabuzima no guhindura biomass, nubwo inzira yo gusenyuka kwayo atari ugushonga burundu kw'ibinyabutabire, ahubwo igerwaho binyuze mu gusesengura biocatalysis.
(3) Uburyo bwo gushonga kwa selulose
Udukoresho dutandukanye dufite uburyo butandukanye bwo gushonga selulose, ariko muri rusange dushobora kwitirirwa uburyo bubiri bw'ingenzi:
Gusenya imigozi ya hydrogen: Gusenya imigozi ya hydrogen hagati y’imigozi ya molekile ya cellulose binyuze mu gushingwa kwa hydrogen cyangwa intera ya ionic, bigatuma ishonga.
Kuruhuka kw'uruhererekane rw'ibintu: Kongera uburyohe bw'uruhererekane rw'ibintu bya selulose no kugabanya ubukana bw'uruhererekane rw'ibintu bya selulose binyuze mu buryo bw'umubiri cyangwa bwa shimi, kugira ngo bibashe gushonga mu bintu bishongesha.
(4) Imikoreshereze ifatika y'ishonga rya selulose
Gushonga kwa selulosi bifite akamaro kanini mu nzego nyinshi:
Gutegura ibikomoka kuri selulosi: Nyuma yo gushonga selulosi, ishobora guhindurwa mu buryo bwa shimi kugira ngo itegure eteri za selulosi, eteri za selulosi n'ibindi bikomoka kuri selulosi, bikoreshwa cyane mu biribwa, mu buvuzi, mu gusiga no mu bindi bikorwa.
Ibikoresho bishingiye kuri selulosi: Hakoreshejwe selulosi yashongeshejwe, selulosi nanofibers, cellulose membranes n'ibindi bikoresho birashobora gutegurwa. Ibi bikoresho bifite imiterere myiza ya mekanike kandi bihura neza n'ibinyabuzima.
Ingufu za biomass: Mu gushonga no kwangiza cellulose, ishobora guhindurwamo isukari ishobora gushya kugira ngo ikore biofuel nka bioethanol, bifasha mu iterambere no gukoresha ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa.
Gushonga kwa selulosi ni inzira igoye ikoresha uburyo bwinshi bwa shimi n'ubw'umubiri. Ibinyobwa bya Ionic, ibisubizo bya amino oxidant, sisitemu za LiCl-DMac, ibisubizo bya aside hydrochloric / zinc chloride na enzymes za selulositiki bizwiho kuba ingirakamaro mu gushonga selulosi. Buri kintu gifite uburyo bwacyo bwihariye bwo gushonga n'aho gikoreshwa. Hamwe n'inyigo yimbitse y'uburyo bwo gushonga kwa selulosi, byitezwe ko hazashyirwaho uburyo bwo gushonga bwiza kandi butangiza ibidukikije, butanga amahirwe menshi yo gukoresha no guteza imbere selulosi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nyakanga-09-2024