Cellulose wani hadadden polysaccharide ne wanda ya kunshi sassan glucose da yawa da aka haɗa ta hanyar haɗin β-1,4-glycosidic. Shi ne babban ɓangaren bangon ƙwayoyin shuka kuma yana ba bangon ƙwayoyin shuka ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Saboda dogon sarkar ƙwayoyin cellulose da kuma yawan lu'ulu'u, yana da ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali da rashin narkewa.
(1) Sifofin cellulose da wahalar narkewa
Cellulose yana da waɗannan halaye waɗanda ke sa ya zama da wahala a narke:
Babban lu'ulu'u: Sarkokin kwayoyin cellulose suna samar da tsari mai tsauri ta hanyar haɗin hydrogen da ƙarfin van der Waals.
Babban matakin polymerization: Matsayin polymerization (watau tsawon sarkar kwayoyin halitta) na cellulose yana da yawa, yawanci yana farawa daga ɗaruruwan zuwa dubban raka'o'in glucose, wanda ke ƙara kwanciyar hankali na kwayar.
Haɗin hydrogen: Haɗin hydrogen yana nan a tsakanin da kuma cikin sarƙoƙin ƙwayoyin cellulose, wanda hakan ke sa ya zama da wahala a lalata shi da kuma narke shi ta hanyar sinadarai masu narkewa gaba ɗaya.
(2) Abubuwan da ke narkar da cellulose
A halin yanzu, sanannun abubuwan da za su iya narkar da cellulose yadda ya kamata sun haɗa da waɗannan rukunan:
1. Ruwan Ionic
Ruwan ionic ruwa ne da aka yi da cations na halitta da kuma anions na halitta ko na inorganic, yawanci suna da ƙarancin canzawa, kwanciyar hankali mai zafi da kuma sauƙin daidaitawa. Wasu ruwan ionic na iya narkar da cellulose, kuma babban hanyar ita ce ta karya haɗin hydrogen tsakanin sarƙoƙin ƙwayoyin cellulose. Ruwan ionic da aka saba amfani da su wajen narkar da cellulose sun haɗa da:
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl): Wannan ruwan ionic yana narkar da cellulose ta hanyar hulɗa da haɗin hydrogen a cikin cellulose ta hanyar masu karɓar haɗin hydrogen.
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM][Ac]): Wannan ruwan ionic zai iya narkar da yawan sinadarin cellulose a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai sauƙi.
2. Maganin sinadarin oxidative na Amine
Maganin oxidant na Amine kamar cakudawar diethylamine (DEA) da jan ƙarfe chloride ana kiransa [Cu(II)-ammonium solution], wanda tsarin narkewa ne mai ƙarfi wanda zai iya narkar da cellulose. Yana lalata tsarin lu'ulu'u na cellulose ta hanyar oxidation da haɗin hydrogen, yana sa sarkar ƙwayoyin cellulose ta yi laushi kuma ta fi narkewa.
3. Tsarin Lithium chloride-dimethylacetamide (LiCl-DMac)
Tsarin LiCl-DMac (lithium chloride-dimethylacetamide) yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin gargajiya na narkar da cellulose. LiCl na iya yin gasa don haɗin hydrogen, ta haka ne ke lalata hanyar haɗin hydrogen tsakanin ƙwayoyin cellulose, yayin da DMAc a matsayin mai narkewa zai iya yin mu'amala da kyau da sarkar ƙwayoyin cellulose.
4. Maganin hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride
Maganin hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride wani sinadari ne da aka gano da wuri wanda zai iya narkar da cellulose. Zai iya narkar da cellulose ta hanyar samar da tasirin daidaitawa tsakanin sarkar kwayoyin halitta na zinc chloride da cellulose, da kuma hydrochloric acid wanda ke lalata haɗin hydrogen tsakanin kwayoyin halitta na cellulose. Duk da haka, wannan maganin yana da matuƙar lalata kayan aiki kuma yana da iyaka a aikace.
5. Sinadaran Fibrinolytic
Enzymes na fibrinolytic (kamar cellulases) suna narkar da cellulose ta hanyar haɓaka rugujewar cellulose zuwa ƙananan oligosaccharides da monosaccharides. Wannan hanyar tana da amfani iri-iri a fannoni na lalata ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma canza biomass, kodayake tsarin narkewar sa ba cikakken narkar da sinadarai ba ne, amma ana samunsa ta hanyar biocatalysis.
(3) Tsarin narkar da cellulose
Ma'adanai daban-daban suna da hanyoyi daban-daban na narkar da cellulose, amma gabaɗaya ana iya danganta su da manyan hanyoyi guda biyu:
Lalacewar haɗin hydrogen: Lalacewar haɗin hydrogen tsakanin sarƙoƙin ƙwayoyin cellulose ta hanyar haɗa haɗin hydrogen mai gasa ko hulɗar ionic, wanda hakan ke sa ya narke.
Sakin sarkar kwayoyin halitta: Ƙara laushin sarkar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar amfani da sinadarai ko na zahiri, ta yadda za a iya narkar da su a cikin sinadarai masu narkewa.
(4) Amfanin da ake amfani da shi wajen narkar da cellulose
Rushewar cellulose yana da amfani mai mahimmanci a fannoni da yawa:
Shirye-shiryen abubuwan da suka samo asali daga cellulose: Bayan narkar da cellulose, ana iya ƙara gyara shi ta hanyar sinadarai don shirya cellulose ethers, cellulose esters da sauran abubuwan da suka samo asali, waɗanda ake amfani da su sosai a abinci, magani, shafi da sauran fannoni.
Kayan da aka yi da cellulose: Ana iya shirya su ta amfani da cellulose da aka narkar, nanofibers na cellulose, membranes na cellulose da sauran kayan aiki. Waɗannan kayan suna da kyawawan halaye na injiniya da kuma jituwa ta halitta.
Makamashin Biomass: Ta hanyar narkewa da kuma lalata cellulose, ana iya canza shi zuwa sukari mai narkewa don samar da man fetur kamar bioethanol, wanda ke taimakawa wajen cimma ci gaba da amfani da makamashin da ake sabuntawa.
Narkar da ƙwayoyin halitta tsari ne mai rikitarwa wanda ya ƙunshi hanyoyi daban-daban na sinadarai da na zahiri. Ruwan ionic, maganin amino oxidant, tsarin LiCl-DMac, maganin hydrochloric acid/zinc chloride da enzymes na cellulolytic a halin yanzu an san su a matsayin magunguna masu tasiri don narkar da ƙwayoyin halitta. Kowane wakili yana da nasa tsarin narkar da ƙwayoyin halitta da filin amfani da su. Tare da zurfafa bincike kan tsarin narkar da ƙwayoyin halitta, ana kyautata zaton za a haɓaka hanyoyin narkar da ƙwayoyin halitta masu inganci da aminci ga muhalli, wanda hakan zai samar da ƙarin damar amfani da haɓaka ƙwayoyin halitta.
Lokacin Saƙo: Yuli-09-2024