Mu ibumba ryateguwe kuvanga, ingano y’inyongera ya eteri ya selulosi ni nto cyane, ariko ishobora kunoza cyane imikorere ya sima itose, kandi ni inyongera nyamukuru igira ingaruka ku mikorere y’ubwubatsi bwa sima. Guhitamo neza eteri za selulosi z’ubwoko butandukanye, ubukana butandukanye, ingano zitandukanye z’uduce, ubukana butandukanye n’ingano y’inyongera bizagira ingaruka nziza ku kunoza imikorere ya sima y’ifu yumye. Muri iki gihe, sima nyinshi z’amabuye n’izisimwa zifite imikorere mibi yo kubika amazi, kandi amazi azatandukana nyuma y’iminota mike zihagaze. Kubika amazi ni imikorere y’ingenzi ya eteri ya methyl cellulose, kandi ni imikorere ikorwa n’inganda nyinshi zikora sima y’amazi yumye zo mu ngo, cyane cyane izo mu turere two mu majyepfo dufite ubushyuhe bwinshi, zibandaho. Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku ngaruka zo kubika amazi ya sima y’amazi yumye harimo ingano ya MC yongewemo, ubukana bwa MC, ubunini bw’uduce n’ubushyuhe bw’aho ikoreshwa.
1. Igitekerezo
Cellulose ether ni polymer ikoze mu buryo bwa sillulose karemano binyuze mu guhindura shimi. Cellulose ether ni ikintu gikomoka kuri cellulose karemano. Ikorwa rya cellulose ether ritandukanye na polymer zikoze mu buryo bwa sillulose. Ibikoresho byayo by'ibanze ni cellulose, imvange ya polymer karemano. Bitewe n'imiterere ya cellulose karemano, cellulose ubwayo ntabwo ifite ubushobozi bwo gukorana n'ibintu bihindura ether. Ariko, nyuma yo kuvurwa n'ikintu kibyimba, imigozi ikomeye ya hydrogen hagati y'iminyururu ya molekile n'iminyururu irasenyuka, kandi irekurwa ry'itsinda rya hydroxyl rihinduka cellulose ya alkali ikora. Kubona cellulose ether.
Imiterere ya ether za cellulose iterwa n'ubwoko, umubare n'ikwirakwizwa ry'ibisimbura. Uburyo bwo gushyira mu byiciro ether za cellulose bushingiye kandi ku bwoko bw'ibisimbura, urwego rwa etherification, gushonga n'imiterere bifitanye isano. Dukurikije ubwoko bw'ibisimbura ku muyoboro wa molekile, ishobora kugabanywamo monoether na ether ivanze. MC dusanzwe dukoresha ni monoether, naho HPMC ni ether ivanze. Methyl cellulose ether MC ni umusaruro nyuma y'uko itsinda rya hydroxyl riri ku gice cya glucose cya cellulose karemano risimbuwe na methoxy. Ni umusaruro uboneka hashingiwe ku gusimbuza igice cy'itsinda rya hydroxyl kuri icyo gice hamwe n'itsinda rya methoxy n'ikindi gice gifite itsinda rya hydroxypropyl. Formula y'imiterere ni [C6H7O2 (OH)3-mn (OCH3)m [OCH2CH (OH)CH3]n]x Hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose ether HEMC, izi ni zo moko y'ingenzi akoreshwa cyane kandi agurishwa ku isoko.
Ku bijyanye n'uburyo ishonga ishobora gushonga, ishobora kugabanywamo ionic na non-ionic. I-ether za cellulose zidafite ionic zishonga mu mazi zigizwe ahanini n'uruhererekane rubiri rwa alkyl ethers na hydroxyalkyl ethers. Ionic CMC ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu isabune y'ubukorikori, gucapa no gusiga amarangi mu myenda, gushakisha ibiryo n'amavuta. I-MC zidafite ionic, HPMC, HEMC, n'izindi zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu bikoresho by'ubwubatsi, gusiga latex, imiti, imiti ya buri munsi, n'ibindi. Ikoreshwa nk'ingufu, ifata amazi, itera imbaraga, igabanya ubushyuhe n'itera firime.
Icya kabiri, uburyo eteri ya selulose igumana amazi
Kubika amazi muri eteri ya selulosi: Mu gukora ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi, cyane cyane ifu yumye, eteri ya selulosi ifite uruhare rudasimburwa, cyane cyane mu gukora imashini yihariye (imashini yahinduwe), ni igice cy'ingenzi kandi cy'ingenzi.
Uruhare rw'ingenzi rwa eteri ya cellulose ishonga mu mazi muri mortilari rufite ahanini ibintu bitatu, kimwe ni ubushobozi bwiza bwo kubika amazi, ikindi ni ingaruka ku buryo ibintu bihorana n'ubudahangarwa bwa mortilari, naho icya gatatu ni uburyo sima ikorana. Ingaruka zo kubika amazi za eteri ya cellulose ziterwa n'uburyo amazi yinjira mu gice cy'ibanze, imiterere ya mortilari, ubunini bw'igice cy'urukuta, uko mortilari ikenera amazi, n'igihe ibikoresho bishyirwa. Kubika amazi kwa eteri ya cellulose ubwayo bituruka ku gushonga no kubura amazi kwa eteri ya cellulose ubwayo. Nkuko twese tubizi, nubwo uruhererekane rwa molekile ya cellulose rugizwe n'amatsinda menshi ya OH ashobora kuvoma cyane, ntabwo ishongeshwa mu mazi, kuko imiterere ya cellulose ifite urwego rwo hejuru rwa crystallinity.
Ubushobozi bwo gutonyanga bw'amatsinda ya hydroxyl gusa ntibuhagije kugira ngo butwikire imigozi ikomeye ya hydrogen n'imbaraga za van der Waals hagati ya molekile. Kubwibyo, irabyimba gusa ariko ntishonga mu mazi. Iyo umusimbura yinjijwe mu mugozi wa molekile, si umusimbura gusa usenya umugozi wa hydrogen, ahubwo n'umugozi wa hydrogen uhuza imigozi urasenyuka bitewe no guhuza umusimbura hagati y'imigozi yegeranye. Uko umusimbura ari munini, ni ko intera iri hagati ya molekile iba nini. Intera iri hagati y'imigozi ni nini. Uko ingaruka zo gusenya imigozi ya hydrogène iba nyinshi, eteri ya cellulose iba ishonga mu mazi nyuma y'uko lattice ya cellulose yagutse maze umuti ukinjira, ugakora umuti ufite ubushyuhe bwinshi. Iyo ubushyuhe buzamutse, ubushyuhe bwa polymer buragabanuka, maze amazi ari hagati y'imigozi arasohoka. Iyo ingaruka yo kubura amazi ihagije, molekile zitangira kwishyira hamwe, zigakora gel y'imiterere y'urusobe rw'ibice bitatu hanyuma zigapfunyika.
Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku kubika amazi muri mortier birimo ubushyuhe bwa cellulose ether, ingano y’inyongera, ubushyuhe bw’uduce duto n’ubushyuhe bw’ikoreshwa:
Uko eteri ya selulosi irushaho kuba nini, ni ko imikorere yayo irushaho kuba myiza. Ubukana ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu mikorere ya MC. Muri iki gihe, abakora MC batandukanye bakoresha uburyo butandukanye n'ibikoresho bitandukanye kugira ngo bapime ubukana bwa MC. Uburyo bw'ingenzi ni Haake Rotovisko, Hoppler, Ubbelohde na Brookfield. Ku gicuruzwa kimwe, ibisubizo bya viscosity bipimwe hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye biratandukanye cyane, ndetse bimwe bifite itandukaniro rya kabiri. Kubwibyo, iyo ugereranije ubukana, bigomba gukorwa hagati y'uburyo bumwe bwo gupima, harimo ubushyuhe, rotor, nibindi.
Muri rusange, uko amazi arushaho kuba menshi, ni ko ingaruka zo kubika amazi ziba nziza. Ariko, uko amazi arushaho kuba menshi kandi uburemere bwa MC bukaba bwinshi, kugabanuka kw'uburyo bwo gushonga kwabyo bizagira ingaruka mbi ku mbaraga n'imikorere y'ubwubatsi bwa mortiweri. Uko amazi arushaho kuba menshi, ni ko ingaruka zo gushonga kwa mortiweri zigaragara cyane, ariko ntabwo bingana neza. Uko amazi arushaho kuba menshi, mortiweri irushaho kuba ikomeye, ni ukuvuga ko mu gihe cyo kubaka, igaragara nk'aho ifata ku gikoresho cyo gukurura no gufatana cyane n'icyatsi. Ariko ntabwo ari byiza kongera imbaraga z'imiterere ya mortiweri itose ubwayo. Mu gihe cyo kubaka, imikorere yo kurwanya gushonga ntabwo igaragara. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, hari eteri za methyl cellulose zahinduwe zifite imikorere myiza mu kunoza imbaraga z'imiterere ya mortiweri itose.
Uko eteri ya selulosi yongerwa mu gikoresho kinini, ni ko amazi arushaho kuba meza, kandi uko amazi arushaho kuba menshi, ni ko amazi arushaho kuba meza.
Ku bijyanye n'ingano y'uduce, uko agace gato kaba gato, ni ko amazi arushaho kugumana neza. Nyuma y'uko uduce tunini twa eteri ya cellulose tugeze mu mazi, ubuso buhita bushonga bugakora gel yo gupfunyika ibikoresho kugira ngo wirinde ko molekile z'amazi zikomeza kwinjira. Hari igihe ntashobora gukwirakwira no gushonga kimwe ndetse no nyuma yo kuvanga igihe kirekire, bigatuma habaho umuti w'ibicu cyangwa agglomeration. Bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku kubika amazi kwa eteri ya cellulose, kandi gushonga ni kimwe mu bintu bituma umuntu ahitamo eteri ya cellulose.
Ubutonyanga nabwo ni igipimo cy'ingenzi cy'imikorere ya eteri ya methyl cellulose. MC ikoreshwa mu ifu yumye isabwa kuba ifu, ifite amazi make, kandi ubutonyanga busaba ko 20% ~ 60% by'ingano y'uduce tuba munsi ya 63um. Ubutonyanga bugira ingaruka ku gushonga kwa eteri ya methyl cellulose. MC isanzwe iba ifite uduce duto, kandi byoroshye gushonga mu mazi nta guhurirana, ariko igipimo cyo gushonga kiba gito cyane, bityo ntikwiriye gukoreshwa mu ifu yumye. Mu ifu yumye, MC ikwirakwizwa mu bikoresho byo gusima nka aggregate, fine filler na sima, kandi ifu nziza ihagije ni yo yonyine ishobora kwirinda guhurirana kwa eteri ya methyl cellulose iyo ivanze n'amazi. Iyo MC yongewemo amazi kugira ngo ishongeshe agglomerate, biragoye cyane kuyitandukanya no kuyishonga.
Ubuto bw'icyuma cya MC ntibupfa ubusa gusa, ahubwo bunagabanya imbaraga z'icyuma cyo mu gace. Iyo icyo gikoresho cy'ifu yumye gikoreshejwe ahantu hanini, umuvuduko wo gusya cy'icyuma cyo mu gace uzagabanuka cyane, kandi hakagaragara icyuho bitewe n'igihe gitandukanye cyo gusya. Ku gikoresho cyasizwe imashini, ibisabwa kugira ngo gisya neza ni byinshi bitewe n'igihe gito cyo kuvanga.
Ubuto bwa MC nabwo bugira ingaruka ku kubika amazi. Muri rusange, kuri eteri za methyl cellulose zifite ubuto bumwe ariko ubuto butandukanye, iyo zikongerwamo ingano imwe, uko zirushaho kuba nziza niko zirushaho kuba nziza mu kubika amazi.
Uburyo amazi abikwamo muri MC nabwo bufitanye isano n'ubushyuhe bukoreshwa, kandi uburyo amazi abikwamo muri eteri ya methyl cellulose bugabanuka uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera. Ariko, mu bikoresho nyabyo, ifu yumye ikunze gushyirwa ku bintu bishyushye ku bushyuhe bwinshi (buri hejuru ya dogere 40) mu bintu byinshi, nko gusiga ipasi ku rukuta rwo hanze munsi y'izuba mu mpeshyi, akenshi bikihutisha Gutunganya sima no gukomera kwa sima yumye. Kugabanuka k'umuvuduko wo kubika amazi bitera kumva ko ubushobozi bwo gukora no kudakora neza bizagira ingaruka, kandi ni ngombwa cyane kugabanya ingaruka z'ubushyuhe muri iki kibazo.
Nubwo inyongeramusaruro za methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose ether muri iki gihe zifatwa nk'iza mbere mu iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga, kwishingikiriza ku bushyuhe bizakomeza gutuma imikorere ya mortila yumye igabanuka. Nubwo ingano ya methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose yiyongera (formula yo mu mpeshyi), ubushobozi bwo gukora no kudakora neza ntibishobora guhaza ibyifuzo by'ikoreshwa. Binyuze mu buryo bwihariye bwo kuvura MC, nko kongera urugero rwa etherification, n'ibindi, ingaruka zo kubika amazi zishobora kuguma ku bushyuhe bwinshi, kugira ngo ibashe gutanga imikorere myiza mu bihe bikomeye.
3. Ububyimbirwe na Thixotropi ya Cellulose Ether
Ububyimbirwe n'ubucucike bwa thixotropi ya eteri ya selulose: Akamaro ka kabiri ka eteri ya selulose—ubucucike buterwa n'urugero rwa polymerization ya eteri ya selulose, ubucucike bw'umuti, igipimo cyo gukata, ubushyuhe n'ibindi. Imiterere ya gelling y'umuti ni umwihariko wa alkyl cellulose n'ibikomoka kuri yo byahinduwe. Imiterere ya gelation ifitanye isano n'urwego rwo gusimbuza, ubucucike bw'umuti n'inyongera. Ku bikomoka kuri hydroxyalkyl byahinduwe, imiterere ya gel ifitanye isano n'urwego rwo guhindura hydroxyalkyl. Ku bucucike buke bwa MC na HPMC, umuti wa 10%-15% urashobora gutegurwa, ubucucike buri hagati bwa MC na HPMC bushobora gutegurwa umuti wa 5%-10%, mu gihe ubucucike bwinshi bwa MC na HPMC bishobora gutegura umuti wa 2%-3% gusa, kandi Ubusanzwe uburyo ubucucike bwa eteri ya selulose nabwo bushyirwa mu byiciro bya 1%-2%.
Eteri ya cellulose ifite uburemere bwinshi ifite ubushobozi bwo gukuba cyane. Muri kimwe mu bisubizo, polymer zifite uburemere butandukanye bwa molekile zifite ubushyuhe butandukanye. Ubunini buri hejuru. Ubushyuhe bw'intego bushobora kugerwaho gusa wongeyeho ingano nini ya eteri ya cellulose ifite uburemere buke bwa molekile. Ubushyuhe bwayo ntibushingira cyane ku gipimo cyo gukata, kandi ubushyuhe bwinshi bugera ku bushyuhe bw'intego, kandi ingano ikenewe yo kongeramo ni nto, kandi ubushyuhe bushingiye ku bushyuhe bw'inyongera. Kubwibyo, kugira ngo habeho uburinganire runaka, ingano runaka ya eteri ya cellulose (ubushyuhe bw'umuti) n'ubushyuhe bw'umuti bigomba kwemezwa. Ubushyuhe bwa gel bw'umuti nabwo buragabanuka ku murongo ugororotse uko ingano y'umuti yiyongera, na gel ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba nyuma yo kugera ku bushyuhe runaka. Ubushyuhe bwa HPMC ni bwinshi cyane ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba.
Guhuza ibintu bishobora kandi guhindurwa binyuze mu guhitamo ingano y'uduce duto no guhitamo eteri za selulose zifite urwego rutandukanye rwo guhinduka. Icyo bita guhindura ni ukwinjiza urugero runaka rwo gusimbuza amatsinda ya hydroxyalkyl ku miterere y'amagufwa ya MC. Mu guhindura agaciro k'isimbuza ry'ibintu bibiri, ni ukuvuga agaciro k'isimbuza ry'ibintu bya DS na ms by'amatsinda ya methoxy na hydroxyalkyl dukunze kuvuga. Ibisabwa bitandukanye ku mikorere ya eteri ya selulose bishobora kuboneka binyuze mu guhindura agaciro k'isimbuza ry'ibintu bibiri.
Isano iri hagati y’ubudahinduka n’impinduka: kongeramo eteri ya selulose igira ingaruka ku mikoreshereze y’amazi ya mortiweri, guhindura igipimo cy’amazi n’isima mu mikoreshereze y’amazi ni ko ingaruka ziyongera, uko ingano ingana, ni ko amazi akoreshwa cyane.
Eteri za selulosi zikoreshwa mu bikoresho by’ubwubatsi by’ifu zigomba gushonga vuba mu mazi akonje kandi zigatanga uburyo bukwiye bwo gukora. Iyo zihawe igipimo runaka cyo gukata, zikomeza kuba blocculent na colloidal block, ibyo bikaba ari ibicuruzwa bidafite ubuziranenge cyangwa bifite ireme rihagije.
Hariho kandi isano nziza hagati y’uburyo imiterere ya sima ihagaze n’ingano ya eteri ya selulose. Eteri ya selulose ishobora kongera cyane ubukana bwa morti. Uko ingano iba nini, niko ingaruka zigaragara cyane. Umuti w’amazi wa selulose ether ufite ubukana bwinshi ufite thixotropy nyinshi, ari nabyo biranga eteri ya selulose. Imiti y’amazi ya MC polymers akenshi igira ubukana bwa pseudoplastic na non-thixotropic munsi y’ubushyuhe bwa gel, ariko imiterere y’amazi ya Newtonian ku gipimo gito cyo gukata. Pseudoplasticity yiyongera bitewe n’uburemere bwa molekile cyangwa ubunini bwa eteri ya selulose, hatitawe ku bwoko bw’umusimbura n’urwego rwo gusimbuza. Kubwibyo, eteri za selulose zifite ubukana bumwe, uko MC, HPMC, HEMC zaba zingana kose, zizahora zigaragaza imiterere imwe ya rheological igihe cyose ubukana n’ubushyuhe biguma bihoraho.
Gel z’imiterere zibaho iyo ubushyuhe buzamuwe, kandi habaho urujya n’uruza rw’ibintu byinshi bya thixotropic. Ether za cellulose zifite ubwinshi bwinshi n’ubushyuhe buke zigaragaza thixotropy ndetse no munsi y’ubushyuhe bwa gel. Iyi miterere ni ingirakamaro cyane mu guhindura uburyo bwo kugorora no kumanuka mu bwubatsi bwa mortilage y’inyubako. Aha hagomba gusobanurwa ko uko viscosity ya cellulose ether irushaho kuba nyinshi, ni ko amazi agumana neza, ariko uko viscosity irushaho kuba nyinshi, ni ko uburemere bwa molekuli ya cellulose ether burushaho kwiyongera, ndetse no kugabanuka k’ubushyuhe bwayo, bigira ingaruka mbi ku bwinshi bwa mortilage n’imikorere yayo. Uko viscosity irushaho kuba nyinshi, ni ko ingaruka zo gushonga zigaragara cyane kuri mortilage, ariko ntabwo bingana neza. Viscosity imwe iri hagati n’iyo hasi, ariko cellulose ether yahinduwe igira imikorere myiza mu kunoza imbaraga z’imiterere ya mortilage y’amazi. Uko viscosity yiyongera, cellulose ether ikomeza kubika amazi. 4. Gutinda kwa cellulose ether
Gutinda kwa eteri ya selulosi: Inshingano ya gatatu ya eteri ya selulosi ni ugutinda kwa sima kugira ngo amazi arusheho kwiyongera. Eteri ya selulosi iha sima imiterere itandukanye y'ingirakamaro, kandi ikagabanya ubushyuhe bwa sima butangira gushyuha kandi igatinda kwa sima kugira ngo amazi arusheho kwiyongera. Ibi ntibikwiye gukoreshwa muri sima mu turere dukonje. Iyi ngaruka yo gutinda guterwa no kwinjiza molekile za eteri ya selulosi ku bicuruzwa bitanga amazi nka CSH na ca (OH)2. Bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'ubushyuhe bw'umuyoboro w'amazi, eteri ya selulosi igabanya kugenda kwa iyoni mu gisubizo, bityo bigatinda kwangirika kw'amazi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-04-2023