Ukuxubana kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kokwakha udaka oluxubene nowomile, kodwa ukungezwa kodaka oluxubene nowomile kwenza izindleko zezinto zemikhiqizo yodaka oluxubene nowomile ziphakame kakhulu kunezodaka zendabuko, ezibiza ngaphezu kuka-40% wezindleko zezinto zokwakha udaka oluxubene nowomile. Njengamanje, ingxenye enkulu yokuxubana ihlinzekwa ngabakhiqizi bangaphandle, futhi umthamo womkhiqizo nawo unikezwa ngumhlinzeki. Ngenxa yalokho, izindleko zemikhiqizo yodaka oluxubene nowomile zihlala ziphezulu, futhi kunzima ukwenza udaka olujwayelekile lokwakha nolweplasta lube ludumile ngobuningi obukhulu nezindawo ezibanzi; imikhiqizo yemakethe ephezulu ilawulwa yizinkampani zakwamanye amazwe, kanti abakhiqizi bodaka oluxubene nowomile banenzuzo ephansi kanye nokubekezelelana okubi kwamanani; Kukhona ukuntuleka kocwaningo oluhlelekile noluqondiwe mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwemithi, futhi amafomula akwamanye amazwe alandelwa ngokungacabangi.
Ngokusekelwe ezizathwini ezingenhla, leli phepha lihlaziya futhi liqhathanise ezinye zezakhiwo eziyisisekelo zezingxube ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, futhi ngalesi sisekelo, lifunda ukusebenza kwemikhiqizo yodaka oluxutshwe okomile kusetshenziswa izingxube.
1. I-ejenti yokugcina amanzi
I-ejenti yokugcina amanzi iyindlela ebalulekile yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokugcinwa kwamanzi kwe-mortar exutshwe okomile, futhi ingenye yezindlela ezibalulekile zokunquma izindleko zezinto zokwakha ze-mortar exutshwe okomile.
1.1 I-ether ye-cellulose
I-Cellulose ether yigama elijwayelekile lochungechunge lwemikhiqizo ekhiqizwa ukusabela kwe-alkali cellulose kanye ne-etherifying agent ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. I-alkali cellulose ithathelwa indawo yi-ethers ehlukene etherifying ukuze kutholakale ama-ether e-cellulose ahlukene. Ngokwezakhiwo ze-ionization zezithasiselo, ama-ether e-cellulose angahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: i-ionic (njenge-carboxymethyl cellulose) kanye ne-non-ionic (njenge-methyl cellulose). Ngokohlobo lwe-substituent, i-cellulose ether ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-monoether (njenge-methyl cellulose) kanye ne-ether exubile (njenge-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose). Ngokwe-solubility ehlukene, ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-soluble emanzini (njenge-hydroxyethyl cellulose) kanye ne-organic solvent-soluble (njenge-ethyl cellulose), njll. I-dry-mixed mortar ikakhulukazi i-cellulose encibilikayo emanzini, kanti i-cellulose encibilikayo emanzini ihlukaniswe ibe uhlobo olusheshayo kanye nohlobo lokuncibilika oluphathwe ubuso.
Indlela yokusebenza kwe-cellulose ether ku-mortar yile elandelayo:
(1) Ngemva kokuba i-cellulose ether esesimendeni incibilikiswe emanzini, ukusatshalaliswa okusebenzayo nokulinganayo kwezinto eziqinisayo ohlelweni kuyaqinisekiswa ngenxa yomsebenzi wobuso, kanti i-cellulose ether, njenge-colloid evikelayo, "isonga" izinhlayiya eziqinile futhi kwakheka ungqimba lwefilimu yokugcoba ebusweni bayo bangaphandle, okwenza uhlelo lwesimende luzinze kakhudlwana, futhi kuthuthukise ukugeleza kwesimende ngesikhathi senqubo yokuxuba kanye nokushelela kokwakhiwa.
(2) Ngenxa yesakhiwo saso sama-molecule, isixazululo se-cellulose ether senza amanzi asesigqumeni angabi lula ukuwalahla, futhi kancane kancane siyawakhipha isikhathi eside, okwenza isigqumeni sibe nokugcinwa kwamanzi okuhle nokusebenza kahle.
1.1.1 Ifomula yama-molecule ye-methyl cellulose (MC) [C6H7O2(OH)3-h(OCH3)n]x
Ngemva kokuba ukotini ocoliwe uphathwe nge-alkali, i-cellulose ether ikhiqizwa ngochungechunge lwezimpendulo nge-methane chloride njenge-etherification agent. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushintsha liyi-1.6 ~ 2.0, kanti ukuncibilika nakho kuhlukile ngamazinga ahlukene okushintsha. Kungokwe-non-ionic cellulose ether.
(1) I-Methylcellulose iyancibilika emanzini abandayo, futhi kuzoba nzima ukuyincibilika emanzini ashisayo. Isixazululo sayo samanzi sizinzile kakhulu ebangeni le-pH=3~12. Ihambisana kahle nesitashi, i-guar gum, njll. kanye nama-surfactants amaningi. Lapho izinga lokushisa lifinyelela izinga lokushisa le-gelation, kwenzeka i-gelation.
(2) Ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwe-methyl cellulose kuncike enanini layo lokwengeza, i-viscosity, ubuncane bezinhlayiya kanye nezinga lokuncibilika. Ngokuvamile, uma inani lokwengeza likhulu, ubuncane buncane, kanti i-viscosity inkulu, izinga lokugcinwa kwamanzi liphezulu. Phakathi kwazo, inani lokwengeza linomthelela omkhulu kakhulu esilinganisweni sokugcinwa kwamanzi, futhi izinga le-viscosity alilingani ngqo nezinga lezinga lokugcinwa kwamanzi. Izinga lokuncibilika lincike kakhulu ezingeni lokuguqulwa kobuso bezinhlayiya ze-cellulose kanye nobuncane bezinhlayiya. Phakathi kwama-ether e-cellulose angenhla, i-methyl cellulose kanye ne-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose zinamazinga aphezulu okugcinwa kwamanzi.
(3) Izinguquko ekushiseni zizothinta kakhulu izinga lokugcina amanzi le-methyl cellulose. Ngokuvamile, uma izinga lokushisa liphakeme, kuba kubi kakhulu ukugcinwa kwamanzi. Uma izinga lokushisa le-mortar lidlula ama-40°C, ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwe-methyl cellulose kuzoncishiswa kakhulu, okuzothinta kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwe-mortar.
(4) I-Methyl cellulose inomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni nasekunamatheleni kwe-mortar. “Ukunamathela” lapha kubhekisela emandleni okunamathela azwakala phakathi kwethuluzi lokufaka isicelo somsebenzi kanye ne-substrate yodonga, okungukuthi, ukumelana nokusika kwe-mortar. Ukunamathela kuphakeme, ukumelana nokusika kwe-mortar kukhulu, futhi amandla adingekayo yizisebenzi enkambisweni yokusebenzisa nawo makhulu, futhi ukusebenza kokwakha kwe-mortar kuphansi. Ukunamathela kwe-Methyl cellulose kusezingeni eliphakathi emikhiqizweni ye-cellulose ether.
1.1.2 Ifomula yama-molecule ye-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) ingu-[C6H7O2(OH)3-mn(OCH3)m,OCH2CH(OH)CH3]n]x
I-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose uhlobo lwe-cellulose olukhiqizayo futhi olusetshenziswayo luye lwanda ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva nje. Luyi-ether exubile ye-cellulose engeyona i-ionic eyenziwe ngokotini ocolisisiwe ngemva kokuhlanganiswa kwe-alkali, kusetshenziswa i-propylene oxide kanye ne-methyl chloride njenge-etherification, ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwezimpendulo. Izinga lokushintshana ngokuvamile lingu-1.2 ~ 2.0. Izakhiwo zalo zihlukile ngenxa yezilinganiso ezahlukene zokuqukethwe kwe-methoxyl kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-hydroxypropyl.
(1) I-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose incibilika kalula emanzini abandayo, futhi izobhekana nobunzima ekuncibilikeni emanzini ashisayo. Kodwa izinga lokushisa layo le-gelation emanzini ashisayo liphakeme kakhulu kunele-methyl cellulose. Ukuncibilika emanzini abandayo nakho kuthuthuke kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa ne-methyl cellulose.
(2) Ukuqina kwe-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kuhlobene nesisindo sayo sama-molecule, futhi uma isisindo sama-molecule sikhulu, kulapho ukuqina kwe-viscosity kuphakama khona. Izinga lokushisa lithinta nokuqina kwayo, njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ukuqina kwe-viscosity kwehla. Kodwa-ke, ukuqina kwayo okuphezulu kunomphumela wokushisa ophansi kune-methyl cellulose. Isixazululo sayo sizinzile uma sigcinwe ekushiseni kwegumbi.
(3) Ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwe-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kuncike enanini layo lokwengeza, i-viscosity, njll., futhi izinga layo lokugcinwa kwamanzi ngaphansi kwenani elifanayo lokwengeza liphakeme kunele-methyl cellulose.
(4) I-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose izinzile ku-asidi kanye ne-alkali, futhi isixazululo sayo samanzi sizinzile kakhulu ku-pH=2~12. I-Caustic soda kanye namanzi e-lime awanawo umthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwayo, kodwa i-alkali ingasheshisa ukuncibilika kwayo futhi yandise i-viscosity yayo. I-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose izinzile ku-viscosity evamile, kodwa lapho ukuhlushwa kwesisombululo sikasawoti kuphezulu, i-viscosity yesisombululo se-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ivame ukwanda.
(5) I-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ingaxutshwa nama-polymer compounds ancibilika emanzini ukuze kwakheke isixazululo esifanayo nesinobuthi obuphezulu. Njenge-polyvinyl alcohol, i-starch ether, i-vegetable gum, njll.
(6) I-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose inokumelana okungcono kwama-enzyme kune-methylcellulose, futhi isixazululo sayo cishe asikwazi ukuwohloka ngama-enzyme kune-methylcellulose.
(7) Ukunamathela kwe-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ekwakhiweni kwe-mortar kuphakeme kunokwe-methylcellulose.
1.1.3 I-Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC)
Yenziwe ngokotini ocoliwe ophathwe nge-alkali, futhi ixutshwe ne-ethylene oxide njenge-etherification agent lapho kukhona i-acetone. Izinga lokushintshana ngokuvamile lingu-1.5 ~ 2.0. Inamandla okushintsha amanzi futhi kulula ukuyimunca umswakama.
(1) I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose iyancibilika emanzini abandayo, kodwa kunzima ukuyincibilika emanzini ashisayo. Isixazululo sayo sizinzile ekushiseni okuphezulu ngaphandle kokufaka i-gelling. Ingasetshenziswa isikhathi eside ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu ku-mortar, kodwa ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwayo kuphansi kune-methyl cellulose.
(2) I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose izinzile ku-asidi ejwayelekile kanye ne-alkali. I-Alkali ingasheshisa ukuncibilika kwayo futhi ikhuphule kancane i-viscosity yayo. Ukuhlakazeka kwayo emanzini kubi kancane kunokwe-methyl cellulose kanye ne-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
(3) I-Hydroxyethyl cellulose inamandla amahle okulwa nokuwohloka kwe-mortar, kodwa inesikhathi eside sokulibazisa i-samente.
(4) Ukusebenza kwe-hydroxyethyl cellulose ekhiqizwa amanye amabhizinisi asekhaya kusobala ukuthi kuphansi kunokwe-methyl cellulose ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo kwamanzi amaningi kanye nokuqukethwe komlotha okuphezulu.
1.1.4 I-Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) [C6H7O2(OH)2och2COONa]n
I-ether ye-cellulose ye-Ionic yenziwe ngemicu yemvelo (ukotini, njll.) ngemva kokwelashwa nge-alkali, kusetshenziswa i-sodium monochloroacetate njenge-etherification agent, futhi idlula ochungechungeni lwezindlela zokwelapha zokusabela. Izinga lokushintsha ngokuvamile lingu-0.4 ~ 1.4, futhi ukusebenza kwayo kuthinteka kakhulu yizinga lokushintsha.
(1) I-carboxymethyl cellulose i-hygroscopic kakhulu, futhi izoqukatha amanzi amaningi uma igcinwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile.
(2) Isixazululo samanzi se-carboxymethyl cellulose ngeke sikhiqize ijeli, futhi i-viscosity izoncipha uma izinga lokushisa likhuphuka. Uma izinga lokushisa lidlula ama-50°C, i-viscosity ayinakuguqulwa.
(3) Ukuqina kwayo kuthinteka kakhulu yi-pH. Ngokuvamile, ingasetshenziswa ku-mortar esekelwe ku-gypsum, kodwa hhayi ku-mortar esekelwe kusimende. Uma i-alkaline kakhulu, ilahlekelwa yi-viscosity.
(4) Ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwayo kuphansi kakhulu kune-methyl cellulose. Inomphumela wokulibazisa ku-mortar esekelwe ku-gypsum futhi inciphisa amandla ayo. Kodwa-ke, intengo ye-carboxymethyl cellulose iphansi kakhulu kuneye-methyl cellulose.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-30-2023