Kusanganiswa kwesimbi kunoita basa guru mukuvandudza mashandiro ekuvaka simbi yakasanganiswa yakaoma, asi kuwedzerwa kwesimbi yakasanganiswa yakaoma kunoita kuti mutengo wesimbi yakasanganiswa yakaoma uwedzere zvakanyanya kupfuura mutengo wesimbi yechinyakare, iyo inodarika 40% yemutengo wesimbi yakasanganiswa yakaoma. Parizvino, chikamu chikuru chesimbi iyi chinopihwa nevagadziri vekune dzimwe nyika, uye chiyero chemushonga wacho chinopihwawo nemutengesi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mutengo wesimbi yakasanganiswa yakaoma unoramba wakakwira, uye zvakaoma kufadza simbi dzekuvaka nedzekupurasita dzine huwandu hwakawanda nenzvimbo dzakakura; zvigadzirwa zvepamusoro-soro zvinodzorwa nemakambani ekune dzimwe nyika, uye vagadziri vesimbi yakasanganiswa yakaoma vane purofiti yakaderera uye vasingashiviriri mitengo; Kune kushomeka kwetsvakiridzo yakarongeka uye yakanangana nekushandiswa kwemishonga, uye mafomura ekune dzimwe nyika anoteverwa zvisina kujeka.
Zvichibva pazvikonzero zviri pamusoro apa, bepa iri rinoongorora nekuenzanisa zvimwe zvinhu zvepakutanga zvezvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya, uye pahwaro uhwu, rinoongorora mashandiro ezvigadzirwa zvedhaka rakasanganiswa nemvura uchishandisa zvishandiswa zvakanyanya.
1. Chinhu chinochengetedza mvura
Chinhu chinochengetedza mvura chinhu chakakosha pakuvandudza mashandiro emota yakasanganiswa yakaoma, uye ndeimwe yenzira dzakakosha pakuona mutengo wezvinhu zvakasanganiswa yakaoma.
1.1 Cellulose ether
Cellulose ether izwi rekuti zvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa nekuita kwealkali cellulose uye etherifying agent pasi pemamwe mamiriro. Alkali cellulose inotsiviwa nemaether akasiyana e ether kuti iwane ether dzakasiyana dze cellulose. Zvichienderana nehunhu hwe ionization hwezvinhu zvinotsiva, ether dze cellulose dzinogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zviviri: ionic (senge carboxymethyl cellulose) uye non-ionic (senge methyl cellulose). Zvichienderana nerudzi rwe substituent, ether ye cellulose inogona kukamurwa kuita monoether (senge methyl cellulose) uye mixed ether (senge hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose). Zvichienderana nekunyungudika kwakasiyana, inogona kukamurwa kuita water-soluble (senge hydroxyethyl cellulose) uye organic solvent-soluble (senge ethyl cellulose), nezvimwewo. Dry-mixed mortar inonyanya kunyungudika mumvura, uye water-soluble cellulose yakakamurwa kuita instant type uye surface treated delayed dissolve type.
Maitiro ekuita kwe cellulose ether mudhaka ndeaya anotevera:
(1) Mushure mekunge cellulose ether iri mumortar yanyungudika mumvura, kupararira kwakafanana uye kunoshanda kwezvinhu zvinosimbisa mumortar kunovimbiswa nekuda kwebasa repamusoro, uye cellulose ether, se colloid inodzivirira, "inoputira" zvidimbu zvakasimba uye Rutivi rwefirimu rinozora runoumbwa pamusoro paro wekunze, izvo zvinoita kuti mortar system igadzikane, uye zvakare inovandudza kuyerera kwemortar panguva yekusanganisa uye kutsetseka kwekuvaka.
(2) Nekuda kwemaumbirwo ayo emamorekuru, mushonga we cellulose ether unoita kuti mvura iri mumota isarasikirwe nyore nyore, uye inoiburitsa zvishoma nezvishoma kwenguva yakareba, zvichiita kuti mota irambe iine mvura uye inokwanisa kushanda zvakanaka.
1.1.1 Fomura yemamorekuru yemethyl cellulose (MC) [C6H7O2(OH)3-h(OCH3)n]x
Mushure mekunge donje rakanatswa ragadziriswa nealkali, cellulose ether inogadzirwa kuburikidza nekuita kwakasiyana-siyana nemethane chloride se etherification agent. Kazhinji, mwero wekutsiva i1.6 ~ 2.0, uye kunyungudika kwakasiyanawo nemwero wakasiyana wekutsiva. Ndewe non-ionic cellulose ether.
(1) Methylcellulose inonyungudika mumvura inotonhora, uye zvichave zvakaoma kunyungudika mumvura inopisa. Mvura yayo inonyungudika zvikuru muhuwandu hwepH=3~12. Inoenderana zvakanaka nestarch, guar gum, nezvimwewo uye masurfactants akawanda. Kana tembiricha yasvika patembiricha yegelation, gelation inoitika.
(2) Kuchengetwa kwemvura kwemethyl cellulose kunoenderana nehuwandu hwayo hwekuwedzera, viscosity, kupfava kwezvikamu uye mwero wekunyungudika. Kazhinji, kana huwandu hwekuwedzera huri hukuru, kupfava kuri kudiki, uye viscosity yakakura, mwero wekuchengetedza mvura wakakwira. Pakati pazvo, huwandu hwekuwedzera hune simba guru pahuwandu hwekuchengetedza mvura, uye mwero we viscosity hauenderane zvakananga nemwero wekuchengetedza mvura. Mwero wekunyungudika unonyanya kuenderana nehuwandu hwekuchinja kwepamusoro kwezvikamu zve cellulose uye kupfava kwezvikamu. Pakati peethers dze cellulose dziri pamusoro apa, methyl cellulose uye hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose zvine mwero wekuchengetedza mvura wakakwira.
(3) Kuchinja kwetembiricha kuchakanganisa zvakanyanya mwero wekuchengetedza mvura yemethyl cellulose. Kazhinji, tembiricha yakakwira, kuchengetedza mvura kwakaipa. Kana tembiricha yemortar ikapfuura 40°C, kuchengetedza mvura yemethyl cellulose kuchaderera zvakanyanya, zvichikanganisa zvikuru kuvaka mortar.
(4) Methyl cellulose ine simba guru pakuvakwa nekunamirwa kwedhaka. "Kunamirwa" pano kunoreva simba rinonamirwa riri pakati pechishandiso chemushandi nemadziro, kureva kuti, kuramba kuchekwa kwedhaka. Kunamirwa kwacho kwakanyanya, kuramba kuchekwa kwedhaka kwakakura, uye simba rinodiwa nevashandi mukushandiswa kwacho rakakurawo, uye mashandiro ekuvaka kwedhaka haana kunaka. Kunamirwa kweMethyl cellulose kuri padanho repakati muzvigadzirwa zve cellulose ether.
1.1.2 Fomura yemamorekuru yehydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) ndeye [C6H7O2(OH)3-mn(OCH3)m,OCH2CH(OH)CH3]n]x
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose imhando ye cellulose ine kubuda kwayo uye kushandiswa kwayo kwave kuwedzera nekukurumidza mumakore achangopfuura. I non-ionic cellulose mixed ether yakagadzirwa nedonje rakacheneswa mushure mekugadziriswa kwe alkali, ichishandisa propylene oxide ne methyl chloride se etherification agent, kuburikidza nematanho akasiyana-siyana. Dhigirii rekutsiva rinowanzova 1.2 ~ 2.0. Hunhu hwayo hwakasiyana nekuda kwehuwandu hwakasiyana hwe methoxyl nehuwandu hwe hydroxypropyl.
(1) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose inonyungudika nyore nyore mumvura inotonhora, uye inosangana nematambudziko pakunyungudika mumvura inopisa. Asi tembiricha yayo ye gelation mumvura inopisa yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura yemethyl cellulose. Kunyungudika mumvura inotonhora kwakawedzerawo zvikuru kana tichienzanisa nemethyl cellulose.
(2) Kuwanda kwehydroxypropyl methylcellulose kwakabatana nehuremu hwayo hwemamorekuru, uye kana huremu hwemamorekuru hwakakura, kuwanda kwesimba. Tembiricha inokanganisawo kuwanda kwayo, sezvo tembiricha ichiwedzera, kuderera kwesimba. Zvisinei, kuwanda kwayo kune tembiricha yakaderera pane methyl cellulose. Mhinduro yayo inogara yakagadzikana kana yakachengetwa patembiricha yemumba.
(3) Kuchengetwa kwemvura kwehydroxypropyl methylcellulose kunoenderana nehuwandu hwayo hwekuwedzera, viscosity, nezvimwewo, uye mwero wayo wekuchengetedza mvura pasi pehuwandu hwayo hwekuwedzera hwakakwira kupfuura hwemethyl cellulose.
(4) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose inogara yakasimba kune acid nealkali, uye mvura yayo inogadzikana zvakanyanya muhuwandu hwe pH = 2 ~ 12. Caustic soda nemvura ye lime hazvina zvazvinobatsira pakushanda kwayo, asi alkali inogona kukurumidzisa kunyungudika kwayo uye kuwedzera viscosity yayo. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose inogara yakasimba kune common salts, asi kana huwandu hwemunyu hwakakwira, viscosity ye hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution inowanzo kuwedzera.
(5) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose inogona kusanganiswa nepolymer inonyungudika mumvura kuti igadzire mhinduro yakafanana uye yakakwira ye viscosity. Zvakadai se polyvinyl alcohol, starch ether, vegetable gum, nezvimwewo.
(6) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ine simba riri nani rekudzivirira ma enzymes kupfuura methylcellulose, uye mhinduro yayo hainyanyi kukanganiswa nema enzymes kupfuura methylcellulose.
(7) Kubatana kwehydroxypropyl methylcellulose mukugadzirwa kwemortar kwakakwirira kupfuura kwemethylcellulose.
1.1.3 Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC)
Yakagadzirwa nedonje rakanatswa rakarungwa nealkali, uye inosanganiswa ne ethylene oxide se etherification agent kana paine acetone. Mwero wekutsiva unowanzova 1.5 ~ 2.0. Ine hydrophilicity yakasimba uye iri nyore kunyudza hunyoro.
(1) Hydroxyethyl cellulose inonyungudika mumvura inotonhora, asi inonetsa kunyungudika mumvura inopisa. Mhinduro yayo inogara yakasimba pakupisa kwakanyanya pasina gelling. Inogona kushandiswa kwenguva yakareba pasi pekupisa kwakanyanya mumortar, asi kuchengetedza kwayo mvura kwakaderera pane kwemethyl cellulose.
(2) Hydroxyethyl cellulose inogara yakasimba kune general acid nealkali. Alkali inogona kukurumidzisa kunyungudika kwayo uye kuwedzera viscosity yayo zvishoma. Kupararira kwayo mumvura kwakaipa zvishoma pane kwemethyl cellulose nehydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
(3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose ine simba rakanaka rekudzivirira kudonha kwesimbi, asi simende inononoka kwenguva yakareba.
(4) Kushanda kwehydroxyethyl cellulose inogadzirwa nemamwe mabhizinesi emuno kuri pachena kuti kwakaderera pane kwemethyl cellulose nekuda kwehuwandu hwayo hwemvura yakawanda uye huwandu hwakawanda hwemadota.
1.1.4 Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) [C6H7O2(OH)2och2COONa]n
Ionic cellulose ether inogadzirwa kubva mufibers dzechisikigo (donje, nezvimwewo) mushure mekurapwa nealkali, uchishandisa sodium monochloroacetate se etherification agent, uye uchirapwa kakawanda. Dhigirii rekutsiva rinowanzova 0.4 ~ 1.4, uye mashandiro aro anokanganiswa zvakanyanya nedhigirii rekutsiva.
(1) Carboxymethyl cellulose inonyanya kuchena, uye ine mvura yakawanda kana ikachengetwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa.
(2) Carboxymethyl cellulose aqueous solution haizobudisi gel, uye viscosity ichaderera nekuwedzera kwekupisa. Kana tembiricha ikapfuura 50°C, viscosity haidzoreki.
(3) Kugadzikana kwayo kunokanganiswa zvakanyanya ne pH. Kazhinji, inogona kushandiswa mu gypsum-based mortar, asi kwete mu cement-based mortar. Kana yakanyanya alkaline, inorasikirwa ne viscosity.
(4) Kuchengetwa kwayo kwemvura kwakaderera zvikuru pane kwemethyl cellulose. Ine simba rekunonoka pamota yakagadzirwa negypsum uye inoderedza simba rayo. Zvisinei, mutengo wecarboxymethyl cellulose wakaderera zvakanyanya pane wemethyl cellulose.
Nguva yekutumira: Kurume-30-2023