He mea nui te mahi a ngā tāpiringa ki te whakapai ake i te mahi hanga moata maroke-ranu, engari nā te tāpiri o te moata maroke-ranu ka nui ake te utu o ngā hua moata maroke-ranu i tērā o te moata tuku iho, e 40% neke atu rānei o te utu rauemi mō te moata maroke-ranu. I tēnei wā, he nui te wāhanga o te tāpiringa e tukuna ana e ngā kaihanga o tāwāhi, ā, ko te horopeta tohutoro o te hua e whakaratohia ana hoki e te kaiwhakarato. Nō reira, kei te teitei tonu te utu o ngā hua moata maroke-ranu, ā, he uaua ki te whakatairanga i ngā moata pereki me te parai noa me ngā rahinga nui me ngā wāhi whānui; ko ngā hua mākete teitei kei te whakahaerehia e ngā kamupene o tāwāhi, ā, he iti ngā hua o ngā kaihanga moata maroke-ranu me te kore e aro ki ngā utu; Kāore he rangahau pūnaha me te arotahi mō te whakamahinga o ngā rongoā, ā, ka whaia pōuritia ngā tauira o tāwāhi.
I runga i ngā take i runga ake nei, ka tātarihia, ka whakatauritea hoki e tēnei pepa ētahi āhuatanga taketake o ngā ranunga e whakamahia whānuitia ana, ā, i runga anō i tēnei kaupapa, ka akohia te mahi a ngā hua moata maroke-ranu mā te whakamahi i ngā ranunga.
1. Kaihoko pupuri wai
Ko te kaihopu wai he ranunga matua hei whakapai ake i te mahi pupuri wai o te moata maroke-ranu, ā, ko ia tētahi o ngā ranunga matua hei whakatau i te utu o ngā rauemi moata maroke-ranu.
1.1 Te etera cellulose
Ko te cellulose ether he kupu whānui mō te raupapa o ngā hua i puta mai i te tauhohenga o te cellulose alkali me te kaihoko etherifying i raro i ētahi tikanga. Ka whakakapia te cellulose alkali ki ngā kaihoko etherifying rerekē hei whiwhi i ngā cellulose ether rerekē. E ai ki ngā āhuatanga ionization o ngā whakakapinga, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā cellulose ether ki ngā wāhanga e rua: ionic (pēnei i te carboxymethyl cellulose) me te kore-ionic (pēnei i te methyl cellulose). E ai ki te momo whakakapinga, ka taea te wehewehe i te cellulose ether ki te monoether (pēnei i te methyl cellulose) me te ether whakauru (pēnei i te hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose). E ai ki ngā rerekētanga o te wairewatanga, ka taea te wehewehe ki te wairewa-wai (pēnei i te hydroxyethyl cellulose) me te wairewa-whakarewa waro (pēnei i te ethyl cellulose), me ētahi atu. Ko te moata maroke-ranu he cellulose wairewa-wai te nuinga, ā, ko te cellulose wairewa-wai ka wehea ki te momo tere me te momo wairewa whakaroa kua tukatukahia ki te mata.
Ko te tikanga mahi a te cellulose ether i roto i te moata penei:
(1) I muri i te whakarewatanga o te cellulose ether i roto i te moata ki te wai, ka whakaritehia te tohatoha whai hua me te ōrite o te rauemi sima i roto i te pūnaha nā te mahi o te mata, ā, ka "takai" te cellulose ether, hei colloid tiaki, i ngā matūriki totoka, ā, ka hangaia he paparanga kiriata hinu ki tōna mata o waho, ka pai ake te pumau o te pūnaha moata, ā, ka whakapai ake hoki i te rere o te moata i te wā e whakaranua ana, me te maeneene o te hanganga.
(2) Nā tōna ake hanganga ngota, ka kore e ngawari te ngaro o te wai i roto i te moata e te wai cellulose ether, ā, ka tukuna mārire i roto i te wā roa, ka pai te pupuri wai me te ngāwari o te mahi a te moata.
1.1.1 Te tātai ngota o te methyl cellulose (MC) [C6H7O2(OH)3-h(OCH3)n]x
I muri i te rongoā o te miro kua whakapaia ki te kawakore, ka puta te cellulose ether mā roto i te raupapa o ngā tauhohenga me te methane chloride hei kaihoko etherification. Ko te tikanga, ko te taumata o te whakakapinga he 1.6~2.0, ā, he rerekē anō hoki te wairewatanga me ngā taumata rerekē o te whakakapinga. Nō te cellulose ether kore-ionic tēnei.
(1) Ka wairewa te Methylcellulose i roto i te wai matao, ā, he uaua ki te wairewa i roto i te wai wera. He tino pumau tōna wairewa wai i roto i te awhe pH=3~12. He pai te hototahitanga ki te māngaro, te kapia guar, me ētahi atu, me te maha o ngā surfactants. Ina tae te pāmahana ki te pāmahana gelation, ka puta te gelation.
(2) Ko te pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te tāpiri, te matotoru, te pai o te matūriki me te tere whakarewa. I te nuinga o te wā, ki te nui te nui o te tāpiri, he iti te pai, ā, ki te nui te matotoru, he teitei te tere pupuri wai. I roto i ēnei, ko te nui o te tāpiri te mea nui rawa atu te pānga ki te tere pupuri wai, ā, kāore te taumata matotoru e rite tika ki te taumata o te tere pupuri wai. Ko te tere whakarewa e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te whakarerekētanga mata o ngā matūriki cellulose me te pai o te matūriki. I roto i ngā cellulose ethers o runga ake nei, he nui ake ngā tere pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose me te hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
(3) Ka pā kino ngā panonitanga o te pāmahana ki te tere pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose. I te nuinga o te wā, ka nui ake te pāmahana, ka kino ake te pupuri wai. Mena ka neke ake te pāmahana o te moata i te 40°C, ka tino heke te pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose, ka pā kino ki te hanganga o te moata.
(4) He pānga nui tō te methyl cellulose ki te hanganga me te piri o te moata. Ko te "piri" i konei e pā ana ki te kaha piri e pā ana ki te taputapu tono a te kaimahi me te papa pakitara, arā, te ātete kutikuti o te moata. He teitei te piri, he nui te ātete kutikuti o te moata, ā, he nui hoki te kaha e hiahiatia ana e ngā kaimahi i te wā e whakamahia ana, ā, he ngoikore te mahi hanganga o te moata. He taumata taurite te piri o te methyl cellulose i roto i ngā hua cellulose ether.
1.1.2 Ko te tātai ngota o te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) ko [C6H7O2(OH)3-mn(OCH3)m,OCH2CH(OH)CH3]n]x
Ko te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose he momo cellulose kua tere te piki haere o tana putanga me tana whakamahinga i ngā tau tata nei. He cellulose kore-ionic i konatunatua ki te ether i hangaia mai i te miro kua whakapaia i muri i te alkaliization, mā te whakamahi i te propylene oxide me te methyl chloride hei kaihoko etherification, mā roto i te raupapa o ngā tauhohenga. Ko te nui o te whakakapinga he 1.2~2.0. He rerekē ōna āhuatanga nā te rerekētanga o ngā ōwehenga o te ihirangi methoxyl me te ihirangi hydroxypropyl.
(1) He ngāwari te wairewa o te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki te wai matao, ā, ka uaua te wairewa ki te wai wera. Engari he nui ake te pāmahana o tōna wairewatanga i roto i te wai wera i tō te methyl cellulose. He nui ake hoki te pai o te wairewatanga i roto i te wai matao ki te whakaritea ki te methyl cellulose.
(2) E pā ana te matotoru o te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki tōna taumaha ngota, ā, ki te nui ake te taumaha ngota, ka teitei ake te matotoru. Ka pā anō te pāmahana ki tōna matotoru, i te pikinga o te pāmahana, ka heke te matotoru. Heoi, he iti ake te pānga pāmahana o tōna matotoru teitei i te methyl cellulose. He pumau tōna otinga ina rongoatia ki te pāmahana rūma.
(3) Ko te pupuri wai o te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te tāpiri, te matotoru, me ētahi atu, ā, ko tōna tere pupuri wai i raro i te nui tāpiri kotahi he teitei ake i te methyl cellulose.
(4) He pumau te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki te waikawa me te alkali, ā, he tino pumau tōna wairewa i te awhe pH=2~12. He iti noa te pānga o te houra kautika me te wai raima ki tōna mahi, engari ka taea e te alkali te tere ake i tōna memeha me te whakanui ake i tōna matotoru. He pumau te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki ngā tote noa, engari ina teitei te kukū o te wairewa tote, ka piki ake te matotoru o te wairewa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
(5) Ka taea te whakaranu i te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose me ngā matū polymer wairewa-wai hei hanga i tētahi otinga ōrite, matotoru ake. Pērā i te waipiro polyvinyl, te māngaro ether, te kapia huawhenua, me ētahi atu.
(6) He pai ake te ātete o te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki ngā whākōkī i te methylcellulose, ā, he iti ake te tūponotanga ka pakaruhia tōna otinga e ngā whākōkī i te methylcellulose.
(7) He nui ake te piri o te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki te hanganga moata i tō te methylcellulose.
1.1.3 Te Waikawa Hirioraiti (HEC)
He mea hanga mai i te miro kua parakoretia kua rongoatia ki te kawakore, ā, ka tauhohe ki te ethylene oxide hei kaihoko etherification i te aroaro o te acetone. Ko te nui o te whakakapinga he 1.5~2.0. He kaha te wai-aroha, ā, he ngāwari ki te mimiti i te makuku.
(1) Ka wairewa te hydroxyethyl cellulose ki te wai matao, engari he uaua ki te wairewa ki te wai wera. Ka pumau tōna otinga i te pāmahana teitei, kāore e whakapūpū. Ka taea te whakamahi mō te wā roa i raro i te pāmahana teitei i roto i te moata, engari he iti ake tōna pupuri wai i tērā o te methyl cellulose.
(2) He pumau te Hydroxyethyl cellulose ki te waikawa whānui me te alkali. Ka taea e te alkali te whakatere i tōna memeha me te whakanui ake i tōna matotoru. He kino ake tōna memeha i roto i te wai i tērā o te methyl cellulose me te hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
(3) He pai te mahi ārai-totoka a te Hydroxyethyl cellulose mō te moata, engari he roa ake te wā whakaroa mō te sima.
(4) Ko te mahi a te hydroxyethyl cellulose i hangaia e ētahi umanga ā-rohe he iti iho i te mahi a te methyl cellulose nā te nui o te wai me te nui o te pungarehu.
1.1.4 Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) [C6H7O2(OH)2och2COONa]n
Ko te etera cellulose ionic he mea hanga mai i ngā muka taiao (miro, me ētahi atu) i muri i te maimoatanga alkali, te whakamahi i te konutai monochloroacetate hei kaihoko etherification, me te whai i te raupapa o ngā maimoatanga tauhohenga. Ko te nui o te whakakapinga ko te 0.4 ~ 1.4, ā, ko tōna mahi he tino pāngia e te nui o te whakakapinga.
(1) He waiora ake te Carboxymethyl cellulose, ā, ka nui ake te wai kei roto ina rongoatia i raro i ngā āhuatanga whānui.
(2) Kāore e puta he kirikiri i roto i te wairewa wai o te carboxymethyl cellulose, ā, ka heke te matotoru i te pikinga o te pāmahana. Ina neke atu te pāmahana i te 50°C, kāore e taea te whakakore i te matotoru.
(3) He nui te pānga o te pH ki tōna pumau. I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i te moata gypsum, engari kāore i roto i te moata sima. Ina tino kawakore, ka ngaro te matotoru.
(4) He iti ake tōna pupuri wai i tērā o te methyl cellulose. He pānga whakaroa tōna ki te moata gypsum, ā, ka whakaiti i tōna kaha. Heoi, he iti ake te utu o te carboxymethyl cellulose i tērā o te methyl cellulose.
Wā tuku: Maehe-30-2023