Gypsum yo gukuraho isukari ni umwuka uturuka ku gutwika ibicanwa birimo sulfur (amakara, peteroli), imyanda ikomeye y’inganda ikorwa mu gihe cyo gusukura isukari, na gypsum yo mu bwoko bwa hemihydrate (formula ya chimique CaSO4· 0.5H2O), imikorere igereranywa n’iya gypsum yo kubaka karemano. Kubwibyo, hari ubushakashatsi bwinshi n’ikoreshwa ry’ikoreshwa rya gypsum yo gukuraho isukari aho gukoresha gypsum karemano kugira ngo hakorwe ibikoresho byigenga. Ibivange bya polymeri karemano nk’ibikoresho bigabanya amazi, ibikoresho bigumana amazi na retarder ni ibintu by’ingenzi mu miterere y’ibikoresho byigenga. Imikoranire n’imikorere y’ibyo byombi n’ibikoresho bitera sima ni ibibazo bikwiye kwitabwaho. Bitewe n’imiterere y’uburyo bwo gukora, ubunini bwa gypsum yo gukuraho isukari ni buto (ingano y’uduce ikwirakwizwa cyane cyane hagati ya μm 40 na 60), kandi ifu yo gukuraho isukari ntabwo ihagije, bityo imiterere ya rheological ya gypsum yo gukuraho isukari ni mibi, kandi urusenda rwa mortier rutegurwa na yo akenshi rworoshye. Gutandukanya, gushyira mu byiciro no kuva amaraso. Cellulose ether ni yo ikoreshwa cyane mu gukurura ibintu, kandi kuyikoresha hamwe n'ikintu kigabanya amazi ni ingenzi kugira ngo ibikoresho byigenga bikoreshwe muri gypsum nk'imikorere y'ubwubatsi ndetse n'imikorere ya nyuma ya mekanike n'iy'ubudahangarwa.
Muri iyi nyandiko, agaciro k'amazi gakoreshwa nk'igipimo cyo kugenzura (urugero rwo gukwirakwiza 145 mm ± 5 mm), hibandwa ku ngaruka z'ibiri muri eteri ya selulose n'uburemere bwa molekile (agaciro k'ubucucike) ku ikoreshwa ry'amazi y'ibikoresho byigenga bishingiye kuri gypsum byavanzwe, gutakaza amazi uko igihe kigenda gihita, n'uburyo bwo gufungana. Itegeko ry'ingaruka z'imiterere y'ibanze nk'igihe n'imiterere ya mbere ya mekanike; icyarimwe, gerageza itegeko ry'ingaruka za eteri ya selulose ku kurekura ubushyuhe n'igipimo cyo kurekura ubushyuhe bwa gypsum byavanzwe, usesengure ingaruka zabyo ku nzira yo kurekura ubushyuhe bwa gypsum byavanzwe, hanyuma uganire ku ikubitiro kuri ubu bwoko bw'imvange. Ihuza na sisitemu ya gypsum yavanzwe.
1. Ibikoresho fatizo n'uburyo bwo kubigerageza
1.1 Ibikoresho fatizo
Ifu ya Gypsum: ifu ya gypsum yakuwemo isukari ikorwa n'ikigo cyo muri Tangshan, imiterere y'ingenzi y'amabuye y'agaciro ni gypsum ya hemihydrate, imiterere yayo ya shimi igaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1, kandi imiterere yayo igaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 2.
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Uruvange rurimo: eteri ya selulosi (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, HPMC mu magambo ahinnye); superplasticizer WR; defoamer B-1; ifu ya latex isubiranywa ya EVA S-05, zose ziboneka ku isoko.
Igiteranyo: umusenyi wo mu ruzi karemano, umusenyi mwiza wikoreye ubwawe upfundikiwe mu ruzi rwa mm 0.6.
1.2 Uburyo bwo gupima
Gypsum yo gukuraho isukari: umucanga: amazi = 1:0.5:0.45, ingano ikwiye y'ibindi bivange, ubushyuhe nk'igipimo cy'igenzura (kwagura 145 mm ± 5 mm), binyuze mu guhindura ikoreshwa ry'amazi, bivanze n'ibikoresho bya sima (gypsum yo gukuraho isukari + sima) 0, 0.5‰, 1.0‰, 2.0‰, 3.0‰ ether ya selulose (HPMC-20,000); Komeza ushyireho igipimo cya eteri ya selulosi kuri 1‰, hitamo eteri za HPMC-20.000, HPMC-40.000, HPMC-75.000, na HPMC-100.000 za hydroxypropyl methylcellulose zifite uburemere butandukanye bwa molekile (imibare ijyanye ni H2, H4, H7.5, na H10 uko bikurikirana), kugira ngo wige igipimo n'uburemere bwa molekile (agaciro k'ubucucike) bwa eteri ya selulosi. Ingaruka z'impinduka ku miterere ya moteri yigenga ishingiye kuri gypsum, n'ingaruka zabyo ku buryo bworoshye, igihe cyo gushyiraho n'imiterere ya mbere ya moteri ya moteri yigenga idafite sulfuri ziraganirwaho. Uburyo bwihariye bwo gupima bukorwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa na GB/T 17669.3-1999 “Kumenya Imiterere ya Mekanishi ya Gypsum yo Kubaka”.
Ikizamini cy'ubushyuhe bw'amazi gikorwa hakoreshejwe icyitegererezo cy'ubushyuhe bwa gypsum n'ibipimo bifite eteri ya cellulose ya 0.5‰ na 3‰, uko bikurikirana, kandi igikoresho gikoreshwa ni igipima ubushyuhe bw'amazi cyo mu bwoko bwa TA-AIR.
2. Ibisubizo n'isesengura
2.1 Ingaruka z'umubumbe wa eteri ya selulose ku miterere y'ibanze ya morti
Uko ibikubiye mu gikoresho byiyongera, ubushobozi bwo gukora no guhuza igikoresho cyo mu bwoko bwa mortigo birarushaho kuba byiza, gutakaza amazi uko igihe kigenda kigenda kigabanuka cyane, kandi imikorere y’inyubako irushaho kuba myiza, kandi mortigo ikomeye nta kintu na kimwe kiyitandukanya, kandi ubushyuhe, ubushyuhe n’ubwiza byarushijeho kuba byiza cyane. Muri icyo gihe, ikoreshwa ry’amazi ya mortigo kugira ngo igere ku mazi amwe ryariyongereye cyane. Kuri 5‰, ikoreshwa ry’amazi ryiyongereyeho 102%, kandi igihe cyo gushyiraho cya nyuma cyongereweho iminota 100, ni ukuvuga inshuro 2.5 z’icyitegererezo cy’ubusa. Imiterere ya mbere ya mortigo yagabanutse cyane bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’icyitegererezo cya cellulose ether. Iyo ingano ya cellulose ether yari 5‰, imbaraga zo gucika intege n’imbaraga zo gucika intege mu masaha 24 byagabanutse bigera kuri 18.75% na 11.29% by’icyitegererezo cy’ubusa. Ingufu zo gucika intege ni 39.47% na 23.45% by’icyitegererezo cy’ubusa. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’ingano y’ibintu bifata amazi, ubucucike bw’ibintu binini bya mortiweri nabwo bwagabanutse cyane, kuva kuri 2069 kg/m3 kuri 0 kugera kuri 1747 kg/m3 kuri 5‰, bigabanukaho 15.56%. Ubucucike bw’ibintu binini bugabanuka kandi ubwinshi bw’ibintu binini buriyongera, ari na imwe mu mpamvu zituma imiterere y’ibintu binini bya mortiweri igabanuka.
Cellulose ether ni polymer itari ionic. Amatsinda ya hydroxyl ari ku muyoboro wa ether ya cellulose na atome za ogisijeni ziri ku muyoboro wa ether bishobora guhuzwa na molekile z'amazi kugira ngo bikore imiyoboro ya hydrogen, bigahindura amazi yigenga mo amazi, bityo bikagira uruhare mu kubika amazi. Mu buryo bwa macroscopic, bigaragazwa no kwiyongera k'ubucucike bw'umuyoboro [5]. Ukwiyongera k'ubucucike bw'umuyoboro ntabwo byongera gusa ikoreshwa ry'amazi, ahubwo nanone ether ya cellulose ishongeshejwe izashyirwa ku buso bw'uduce twa gypsum, bikabangamira uburyo bwo guhumeka no kongera igihe cyo gushyiraho; mu gihe cyo gukangura, hazabaho n'umubare munini w'udupira tw'umwuka. Icyuho kizavuka uko moteri ikomera, amaherezo kikagabanya imbaraga za moteri. Dukurikije byimbitse ikoreshwa ry'amazi ku ruvange rw'umuyoboro, imikorere y'ubwubatsi, igihe cyo gushyiraho n'imiterere ya mekanike, ndetse no kuramba nyuma, nibindi, ingano ya ether ya cellulose muri moteri ya gypsum idafite sulfuri ntigomba kurenza 1‰.
2.2 Ingaruka z'uburemere bwa molekile ya eteri ya selulosi ku mikorere ya morti
Ubusanzwe, uko ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ubuto bwa eteri ya selulose burushaho kuba bwiza, ni ko amazi arushaho kugumana neza kandi bikongera imbaraga zo guhuza. Imikorere izahinduka nabi. Kubwibyo, ingaruka za eteri za selulose z'uburemere butandukanye bwa molekile ku miterere y'ibanze y'ibikoresho bya moteri byigenga bishingiye kuri gypsum zapimwe cyane. Ubukene bw'amazi bwa moteri bwariyongereye ku rugero runaka, ariko nta ngaruka zigaragara zagize ku gihe cyo gushyiraho no kunyura kw'amazi. Muri icyo gihe, imbaraga zo gucikamo ibice no gukanda za moteri mu nzego zitandukanye zagaragaje ko zigabanuka, ariko ukugabanuka kwari kuke cyane ugereranyije n'ingaruka z'ingano ya eteri ya selulose ku miterere ya mekanike. Muri make, kwiyongera k'uburemere bwa molekile ya eteri ya selulose nta ngaruka zigaragara ku mikorere y'ibivanze bya moteri. Ukurikije uburyo bworoshye bwo kubaka, eteri ya selulose ifite ubukana buke n'uburemere buto bwa molekile bigomba gutoranywa nk'ibikoresho byigenga bishingiye kuri gypsum.
2.3 Ingaruka za eteri ya selulose ku bushyuhe bw'amazi ya gypsum yakuweho isukari
Uko ingano ya eteri ya selulosi yagendaga yiyongera, uburebure bw'amazi ya gypsum yavuyemo isukari bwagabanutse buhoro buhoro, kandi igihe cyo kuzamuka cyaratinze gato, mu gihe ubushyuhe bw'amazi yavuyemo isukari bwagabanutse, ariko ntabwo bigaragara. Ibi bigaragaza ko eteri ya selulosi ishobora gutinza urwego rw'amazi n'urugero rw'amazi ya gypsum yavuyemo isukari ku rugero runaka, bityo ingano ntigomba kuba nini cyane, kandi igomba kugenzurwa mu gihe kiri munsi ya 1‰. Bigaragara ko agahu ka colloidal kakozwe nyuma y'uko eteri ya selulosi ihuye n'amazi kaba karimo amazi gashyirwa ku buso bw'uduce twa gypsum yavuyemo isukari, ibyo bigabanya urwego rw'amazi ya gypsum mbere y'amasaha 2. Muri icyo gihe, uburyo bwihariye bwo kubika amazi no gukuba kwayo bitinda gushonga kw'amazi y'urusenda kandi Gushonga ni ingirakamaro mu kongera ubwinshi bw'amazi ya gypsum yavuyemo isukari mu cyiciro cya nyuma. Muri make, iyo ingano ikwiye igenzuwe, eteri ya selulosi igira ingaruka nke ku rugero rw'amazi n'urugero rw'amazi ya gypsum yavuyemo isukari ubwayo. Muri icyo gihe, kwiyongera kw'ingano ya eteri ya selulosi n'uburemere bwa molekile byongera cyane ubukana bw'urusenda kandi bigaragaze imikorere myiza yo kubika amazi. Kugira ngo habeho uburyo bworoshye bwo gukoresha moteri ya gypsum yakuweho sulfure, amazi akoreshwa aziyongera cyane, bitewe n'igihe kirekire cyo gushyiraho moteri. Impamvu nyamukuru ituma imiterere ya moteri igabanuka.
3. Umwanzuro
(1) Iyo fluidity ikoreshejwe nk'ikimenyetso cyo kugenzura, hamwe n'ubwiyongere bw'ingano ya eteri ya selulose, igihe cyo gushyiraho sima idafite sulfuri ishingiye kuri gypsum iramara igihe kinini, kandi imiterere ya mekanike iragabanuka cyane; ugereranije n'ingano, uburemere bwa eteri ya selulose. Ukwiyongera ntacyo bivuze ku miterere ya sima yavuzwe haruguru. Ukurikije byuzuye, eteri ya selulose igomba gutoranywa ifite uburemere buto bwa molekile (agaciro k'ubucucike kari munsi ya 20 000 Pa·s), kandi ingano igomba kugenzurwa muri 1‰ y'ibikoresho bya sima.
(2) Ibisubizo by'ibizamini by'ubushyuhe bwo gutonyanga amazi bwa gypsum yakuweho isukari bigaragaza ko muri iki kizamini, eteri ya selulose ifite ingaruka nke ku gipimo cy'amazi n'uburyo bwo gutonyanga amazi bwa gypsum yakuweho isukari. Ukwiyongera k'amazi akoreshwa ndetse no kugabanuka k'ubucucike bw'amazi ni byo bituma imiterere ya gypsum yakuweho isukari igabanuka.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-08-2023