Ikhonkrithi: Iipropati, iiRatio zokongeza kunye noLawulo loMgangatho

Ikhonkrithi sisixhobo sokwakha esisetyenziswa kakhulu esaziwa ngamandla ayo, ukuqina kwayo, kunye nokuguquguquka kwayo. Nazi iimpawu eziphambili zekhonkrithi, izongezo eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuphucula ezi mpawu, ii-additive ratios ezicetyiswayo, kunye namanyathelo okulawula umgangatho:

Iimpawu zeKhonkrithi:

1. Amandla okucinezela: Amandla ekhonkrithi okumelana nemithwalo ye-axial, elinganiswa ngeeponti nge-square intshi (psi) okanye ii-megapascals (MPa).
2. Amandla okuThatha: Amandla ekhonkrithi okumelana namandla okuThatha, ahlala ephantsi kakhulu kunamandla okuThatha.
3. Ukuqina: Ukumelana kwekhonkrithi nemozulu embi, ukuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali, ukukrweleka, kunye nezinye iindlela zokonakala ngokuhamba kwexesha.
4. Ukusebenza: Kulula ukuxutywa, ukufakwa, ukucuthwa, kunye nokugqitywa kwekhonkrithi ukuze kufunyanwe imo kunye nokugqitywa okufunekayo.
5. Ubuninzi: Ubunzima ngeyunithi nganye yomthamo wekhonkrithi, nto leyo echaphazela ubunzima bayo kunye neempawu zesakhiwo sayo.
6. Ukushwabana kunye nokuqhekeka: Utshintsho kumthamo kunye nokuguquguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha ngenxa yokoma, ukuguquguquka kobushushu, kunye nemithwalo eqhubekayo.
7. Ukungangeni kwamanzi: Amandla ekhonkrithi okumelana nokudlula kwamanzi, iigesi, nezinye izinto kwiimbobo kunye nee-capillaries zayo.

Izongezo eziqhelekileyo kunye nemisebenzi yazo:

1. Izinto Zokunciphisa Amanzi (Ii-Superplasticizers): Ziphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye zinciphise umthamo wamanzi ngaphandle kokunciphisa amandla.
2. Izinto Zokungenisa Umoya: Faka amaqamza omoya amancinci ukuphucula ukumelana nokunyibilika komkhenkce kunye nokusebenza lula.
3. Abarhoxisi: Ukulibazisa ukumisela ixesha ukuze kuvunyelwe ixesha elide lokuthuthwa, ukubekwa, kunye namaxesha okugqiba.
4. Izikhawulezisi: Zikhawulezisa ixesha lokuseta, ingakumbi xa kubanda.
5. IiPozzolans (umz., iFly Ash, iSilica Fume): Phucula amandla, ukuqina, kwaye unciphise ukungena kwamanzi ngokuphendula nge-calcium hydroxide ukuze kwenziwe ezinye izinto ezidityanisiweyo zesamente.
6. Iifayibha (umz., Intsimbi, Izinto ezenziwe ngeSynthetic): Yonyusa ukumelana neentanda, ukumelana neempembelelo, kunye namandla okutsalwa.
7. Izithinteli zokubola: Zikhusela imivalo yokuqinisa ekuboleni okubangelwa yi-ion ye-chloride okanye i-carbonation.

IiRatio eziCetyisiweyo zoNcedo:

• Umlinganiselo othile wezongezo uxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana neempawu zekhonkrithi ezifunwayo, iimeko zokusingqongileyo, kunye neemfuno zeprojekthi.
• Imilinganiselo idla ngokubonakaliswa njengepesenti yobunzima besamente okanye ubunzima bomxube wekhonkrithi iyonke.
• Iidosi kufuneka zimiselwe ngokusekelwe kuvavanyo lwelebhu, umxube wezilingo, kunye nemigangatho yokusebenza.

Amanyathelo oLawulo loMgangatho:

1. Uvavanyo lwezinto: Yenza uvavanyo kwizinto ezikrwada (umz., izinto ezidityanisiweyo, isamente, izongezo) ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho kunye neenkcukacha ezifanelekileyo.
2. Ukudibanisa nokuxuba: Sebenzisa izixhobo zokulinganisa nokulinganisa ezichanekileyo kwizixhobo zebhetshi, kwaye ulandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuxuba ukuze ufezekise ukufana nokungaguquguquki.
3. Uvavanyo Lokusebenza Nokungaguquguquki: Yenza uvavanyo lokuwa, uvavanyo lokuhamba kwamanzi, okanye uvavanyo lwe-rheological ukuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokulungisa umlinganiselo wokuxuba njengoko kufuneka.
4. Ukunyanga: Sebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokunyanga (umz., ukunyanga okumanzi, iikhompawundi zokunyanga, ukunyanga ii-membrane) ukuthintela ukoma kwangethuba nokukhuthaza ukufuma kwamanzi.
5. Uvavanyo lwaMandla: Jonga uphuhliso lwamandla ekhonkrithi ngeendlela zovavanyo ezisemgangathweni (umz., uvavanyo lwamandla oluxinzelelweyo) kwiminyaka eyahlukeneyo ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kweemfuno zoyilo.
6. Iinkqubo zoQinisekiso loMgangatho/uLawulo loMgangatho (QA/QC): Misela iinkqubo ze-QA/QC ezibandakanya uhlolo oluqhelekileyo, uxwebhu, kunye namanyathelo okulungisa ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana kunye nokuthotyelwa kweenkcukacha.

Ngokuqonda iimpawu zekhonkrithi, ukukhetha izongezo ezifanelekileyo, ukulawula umlinganiselo wezongezo, kunye nokusebenzisa amanyathelo okulawula umgangatho, abakhi banokuvelisa ikhonkrithi esemgangathweni ophezulu ehlangabezana neemfuno zokusebenza kwaye iphucula ukuqina kunye nobude bexesha lezakhiwo.