Zotsukira madzi ndi chinthu chofala chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa m'nyumba. Zimachokera ku madzi ndipo zimatha kuchotsa dothi, mafuta ndi zinyalala zina. Kuti ziwongolere momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, nthawi zambiri zimafunika kusinthidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi kukhuthala koyenera. Kukhuthala kwa sopo sikuyenera kukhala kotsika kwambiri, apo ayi zidzayenda mofulumira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuwongolera kuchuluka kwake, ndipo zidzamveka "zochepa" zikagwiritsidwa ntchito; koma siziyenera kukhala zokwera kwambiri, chifukwa zitha kukhala zokhuthala kwambiri komanso zovuta kugawa ndi kuyeretsa. Chifukwa chake, zokhuthala zakhala chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri popanga sopo wamadzimadzi.
1. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose ndi chinthu chokhuthala chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu sopo. Ndi chinthu chosungunuka m'madzi chomwe chimachokera ku cellulose chomwe chingathe kuwonjezera kukhuthala kwa zakumwa. CMC ili ndi ubwino wotsatira:
Kusungunuka bwino kwa madzi: CMC imatha kusungunuka mwachangu m'madzi ndikupanga yankho lofanana, lowonekera bwino mu yankho lamadzi.
Yofatsa komanso yosakwiyitsa: CMC ndi chinthu chachilengedwe chopangidwa ndi polima chomwe sichimavulaza khungu kapena chilengedwe, chomwe chimakwaniritsa zofunikira za ogula amakono pakuteteza chilengedwe ndi thanzi.
Kugwirizana bwino: CMC imagwirizana bwino ndi zosakaniza zina mu sopo wothira, popanda mavuto monga kugawa kapena kuwola, ndipo sidzakhudza momwe kutsuka kumakhudzira.
2. Xanthan chingamu
Xanthan gum ndi mankhwala achilengedwe a polysaccharide omwe amapangidwa ndi kuwiritsa kwa bakiteriya, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu chakudya, zodzoladzola ndi zotsukira. Kugwiritsa ntchito xanthan gum mu zotsukira kuli ndi makhalidwe awa:
Mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yokhuthala: Ngakhale pakakhala kowonjezera kochepa, xanthan chingamu imatha kuonjezera kwambiri kukhuthala kwa madzi.
Kuchepetsa kudulidwa kwa ufa: Xanthan chingamu ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zochepetsera kudulidwa kwa ufa. Ikasunthidwa kapena kufinyidwa, kukhuthala kwa ufawo kumachepa kwakanthawi, zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kugawa ndikugwiritsa ntchito; koma kukhuthala kumatha kubwezeretsedwanso mwachangu mutagwiritsa ntchito kuti mupewe kusungunuka kwambiri.
Kukana kutentha kwambiri: Xanthan chingamu imatha kukhala yokhazikika kutentha kwambiri kapena kotsika, sichitha kuwonongeka kapena kukhuthala pang'ono, ndipo ndi chokhuthala chomwe chimagwirabe ntchito bwino ngakhale zinthu zitavuta kwambiri.
3. Zokhuthala za Polyacrylate
Zothina za polyacrylate (monga Carbomer) ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi polima zopangidwa ndi mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri yothina, makamaka zoyenera kukhuthala sopo wowonekera. Zinthu zake zazikulu ndi izi:
Kuwonekera bwino: Polyacrylate imatha kupanga mayankho omveka bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chabwino kwambiri cha sopo wowoneka bwino.
Kutha kukhuthala bwino: Polyacrylate imatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu pakukhuthala pang'ono ndipo imalamulira bwino kwambiri kukhuthala.
Kudalira pH: Mphamvu ya kukhuthala kwa chokhuthala ichi imagwirizana kwambiri ndi pH ya yankho, ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri m'mikhalidwe yofooka ya alkaline, kotero pH ya fomula iyenera kusinthidwa ikagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ipeze zotsatira zabwino kwambiri.
4. Zokhuthala mchere
Mchere (monga sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, ndi zina zotero) ndi zinthu zothira zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri mu sopo wamadzimadzi, makamaka mu sopo wokhala ndi zinthu zothira. Mfundo yake yogwira ntchito ndikusintha kapangidwe ka mamolekyu a surfactant posintha mphamvu ya ionic ya dongosolo, motero kukhudza kukhuthala. Ubwino wa zinthu zothira mchere ndi monga:
Mtengo wotsika: Zophikira mchere ndi zotsika mtengo komanso zosavuta kupeza, kotero zimakhala ndi phindu pakupanga zinthu zambiri.
Mphamvu yogwirizana ndi ma surfactants: Ma salt thickeners amatha kukulitsa bwino kukhuthala kwa dongosololi m'ma formula okhala ndi ma surfactant ambiri.
Ntchito zosiyanasiyana: Njira iyi yokhuthala imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu sopo zambiri zamalonda, makamaka mu sopo zamafakitale.
Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito zothira mchere kulinso ndi zoletsa zina. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka komwe kumawonjezedwa sikuyenera kukhala kochuluka kwambiri, apo ayi kungayambitse kusungunuka kwa sopo kapena ngakhale mvula. Kuphatikiza apo, kulondola kwa kusintha kwa kukhuthala kwa zothira mchere sikwabwino monga zothira zina.
5. Ma alcohols opangidwa ndi mafuta (monga sodium C12-14 alcohol ether sulfate)
Kuwonjezera pa ntchito yake yayikulu yoyeretsa, ma surfactants a ethoxylated fatty alcohol alinso ndi mphamvu inayake yokulitsa. Mwa kusintha chiŵerengero cha ma surfactants awa, mphamvu inayake yokulitsa imatha kupezeka. Ubwino wake ndi:
Kusinthasintha: Mtundu uwu wa surfactant sungathe kungowonjezera mphamvu ya sopo, komanso umawonjezera mphamvu ya sopo woyeretsera.
Kugwirizana bwino ndi zosakaniza zina: Ma alcohols opangidwa ndi mafuta opangidwa ndi ethoxylated amagwirizana ndi zinthu zodziwika bwino monga ma surfactants, zokometsera, utoto ndi zosakaniza zina, ndipo sadzakhudza magwiridwe antchito a chinthu chomaliza.
Chepetsani kufunikira kwa zothina zina: Popeza zimakhala ndi ntchito zoyeretsa komanso zothina, kugwiritsa ntchito zothina zoyera kumatha kuchepetsedwa mu fomula, potero kumachepetsa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
6. Ma copolymer a acrylate
Ma copolymer a acrylate ndi gulu la zokhuthala zopangidwa ndi polima zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu sopo zapamwamba kapena zapadera. Zinthu zawo zazikulu ndi izi:
Kuwongolera bwino kukhuthala: Mwa kusintha kapangidwe ka copolymer, kukhuthala kwa chinthucho kumatha kulamulidwa bwino kuti chikwaniritse zomwe mukufuna.
Kukhazikika kwabwino: Chokhuthala ichi chili ndi kukhazikika kwabwino kwa mankhwala ndi thupi ndipo chimatha kusunga kukhuthala kwabwino pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana, pH ndi machitidwe a surfactant.
Sizosavuta kusiyanitsa: Zokhuthala za acrylate copolymer zimawonetsa mphamvu yabwino yotsutsana ndi chisokonezo mu sopo wamadzimadzi, zomwe zimaonetsetsa kuti chinthucho chikhale chokhazikika pakasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kusankha chothirira mu sopo wamadzimadzi kumadalira zinthu zingapo, kuphatikizapo mtundu wa sopo wamadzimadzi mu fomula, zofunikira pakuwonekera bwino, kuwongolera mtengo ndi zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito akumana nazo. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose ndi xanthan gum nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosankha zabwino kwambiri mu sopo wamba wapakhomo chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwawo bwino m'madzi, kufatsa kwawo komanso kukhuthala kwawo. Pa sopo wowonekera bwino, zothirira za polyacrylate ndizoyenera. Zothirira mchere zimakhala ndi phindu pamtengo wake ndipo ndizoyenera kupanga sopo wa mafakitale ambiri.
Nthawi yotumizira: Okutobala-18-2024