1 Ngā mātauranga taketake
Pātai 1 E hia ngā tikanga hanga hei whakapiri i ngā taera ki te piripiri taera?
Whakautu: Ko te tukanga whakapiri taera uku e wehea ana kia toru ngā momo: te tikanga paninga tuara, te tikanga paninga turanga (e mōhiotia ana ko te tikanga trowel, te tikanga whakapiri angiangi), me te tikanga whakakotahi.
Pātai 2 He aha ngā taputapu motuhake matua mō te hanga whakapiri taera?
Whakautu: Ko ngā taputapu motuhake mō te whakapiri taera ko: te mīhini whakaranu hiko, te spatula niho (toru), te hama rapa, me ētahi atu.
Pātai 3 He aha ngā mahi matua o te tukanga hanga o te whakapiri taera?
Whakautu: Ko ngā mahi matua ko: te maimoatanga turanga, te whakarite rauemi, te whakaranu moata, te whakapūmau moata (te whakamaroke), te whakaranu tuarua, te paninga moata, te whakapiri taera, te tiaki me te tiaki i ngā hua kua oti.
Pātai 4 He aha te tikanga whakapiri angiangi? He aha ōna āhuatanga?
Whakautu: Ko te tikanga whakapiri angiangi e pā ana ki te tikanga whakapiri taera, kōhatu me ētahi atu rauemi he matotoru piri tino angiangi (tata ki te 3mm). Ko te tikanga he whakamahi i tētahi spatula niho ki runga i tētahi mata papatahi hei whakahaere i te matotoru o te paparanga rauemi piri (kāore i te neke atu i te 3~5mm). Ko ngā āhuatanga o te tikanga whakapiri angiangi ko te tere hanga, te pai o te pānga whakapiri, te whakapai ake i te wāhi whakamahi o roto, te penapena pūngao me te tiaki taiao.
Pātai 5 He aha te mea mā kei muri o te taera? He aha te pānga ki te taera?
Whakautu: Ko te paura tango whakarewa tēnei e pania ana i mua i te urunga o ngā pereki ki roto i te oumu i te wā e hangaia ana ngā taera uku. Ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te aukati i te oumu. He tino pumau te paura tuku i roto i te tukanga o te whakawera i ngā taera uku i te pāmahana teitei. I te pāmahana noa, he koretake te paura tuku, ā, tata kore he kaha i waenga i ngā matūriki paura tuku me te paura tuku me ngā taera. Mena he paura tuku kāore i horoia i te tuara o te taera, ka whakaitihia te kaha piri o te taera. I mua i te whakapiringa o ngā taera, me horoi ki te wai, me tango rānei te paura tuku ki te paraihe.
Pātai 6 Kia pēhea te roa o te tiaki i ngā taera i muri i te whakamahinga o ngā whakapiri taera? Me pēhea te tiaki?
Whakautu: I te nuinga o te wā, i muri i te whakapiri me te hanganga o te piripiri taera, me whakamaroke mō te 3 ki te 5 rā i mua i te mahi i te hanganga whakapiripiri. I raro i te taiao pāmahana me te haumākū noa, he nui te tiaki taiao.
Pātai 7 He aha ngā whakaritenga mō tētahi mata turanga e tika ana mō te hanganga o roto?
Whakautu: Mō ngā kaupapa tāera pakitara o roto, ko ngā whakaritenga mō te mata o raro: poutū, papatahi ≤ 4mm/2m, kāore he paparanga, kāore he onepu, kāore he paura, me te turanga pakari.
Pātai 8 He aha te ubiquinol?
Whakautu: Ko te kawakore i puta mai i te whakamakuku o te sima i roto i ngā rauemi sima, ko ngā matū kawakore rānei kei roto i ngā rauemi whakapaipai ka memeha haere ki te wai, ka whakakī tika ki te paparanga mata whakapaipai, ko te hua rānei ka tauhohe ki te hau i runga i te mata whakapaipai. Ka pāngia te āhua o te mata whakapaipai e ēnei matū mā, kāore i te ōrite te tohatoha.
Pātai 9 He aha te reflux me te iri o ngā roimata?
Whakautu: I te wā e whakapakeketia ana te moata sima, ka maha ngā kōhao i roto, ā, ko ēnei kōhao he awa mō te turuturu o te wai; ina pāngia te moata sima e te rerekētanga me te pāmahana, ka puta ngā pakaru; nā te mimiti me ētahi āhuatanga hanga, ka ngāwari te moata sima ki te hanga i tētahi pūwero kōhao i raro i te taera. Ko te konupūmā hauwai Ca(OH)2, tētahi o ngā hua o te tauhohenga whakamakuku o te sima ki te wai, ka rewa i roto i te wai, ā, ka taea hoki e te wai kua tāpirihia te rewa i te konupūmā waikura CaO i roto i te konupūmā disilicate gel CSH, koinei te hua o te tauhohenga i waenga i te sima me te wai. Ka huri te ua hei konupūmā hauwai Ca(OH)2. Ka heke te wairewa wai Ca(OH)2 ki te mata o te taera mā roto i ngā pūwero o te taera, te kōhatu rānei, ka mimiti i te hauhā waro CO2 i te rangi hei hanga i te konupūmā kāponāte CaCO3, me ētahi atu, ka pupū ake ki te mata o te taera, e kiia nei ko te anti-sizing me te iri ngā roimata, e mōhiotia ana ko te mā.
Ko te āhuatanga o te whakaheke-rahi, te iri o ngā roimata, te mā rānei, me tutuki i ētahi āhuatanga i te wā kotahi: he nui te konupūmā hauwaiora ka puta, ka taea te heke ki te mata, ā, ko te wai kua whai konupūmā hauwaiora ki runga i te mata ka taea te noho mō te wā roa. Nō reira, ko te āhuatanga mā te nuinga o te wā ka puta i roto i te paparanga matotoru o te moata sima (te piri whakamuri) tikanga hanga (he nui ake te sima, te wai me ngā āputa), ngā pereki kāore i pania ki te karaihe, ngā pereki uku, te kōhatu rānei (me ngā awa hekenga - ngā pūwero toto), te tīmatanga o te takurua, te kōanga rānei (te hekenga o te mata makuku me te haukū), ngā ua māmā ki te taurite (te whakarato i te makuku e tika ana me te kore e horoi tonu i te mata). Hei tāpiri, ko te ua waikawa (te waikura o te mata me te whakarewa o ngā tote), te hapa tangata (te tāpiri wai me te whakaoho mō te wā tuarua i te wā hanga i te papaanga), me ētahi atu ka puta, ka whakanuia rānei te mā. Ko te mā o te mata ka pā noa ki te āhua, ā, ko ētahi he wā poto noa iho (ka tauhohe te konupūmā waro ki te hauhā me te wai i te rangi ka huri hei konupūmā paikāpōnate wairewa ka horoia mārire). Kia tūpato ki te mā i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i ngā taera me ngā kōhatu porowhita. He tikanga te whakamahi i te piripiri taera me te hiri motuhake (momo wai-kore), te hanganga paparanga-angiangi, te whakapakari i te whakahaerenga o te papa hanga (te whakaruruhau ua wawe me te horoi tika i te wai whakaranu, me ētahi atu), kāore e kitea he mā, he mā noa iho rānei.
2 whakapiri taera
Pātai 1 He aha ngā take me ngā mahi ārai mō te kore taurite o te paparanga moata āhua whatanga?
Whakautu: 1) Kāore i te ōrite te paparanga turanga.
2) Kāore i te rawaka te matotoru o te piripiri taera kua waruhia, ā, kāore i te kī te piripiri taera kua waruhia.
3) He piripiri tāera maroke kei roto i ngā kōhao niho o te trowel; me horoi te trowel.
3) He tere rawa te tere o te waru puranga; me whakaroa te tere o te waru.
4) Kāore te piripiri taera i te whakaohokia kia ōrite, ā, he paura kei roto; me whakaohokia rawatia te piripiri taera, ā, me whakamātau kia pakari i mua i te whakamahinga.
Pātai 2 Ina nui te rerekētanga o te papatahi o te paparanga turanga, me pēhea te whakamahi i te tikanga whakapiri angiangi hei whakatakoto i ngā taera?
Whakautu: Tuatahi, me whakataurite te taumata turanga kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga o te papatahi ≤ 4mm/2m, kātahi ka whakamahia te tikanga whakapiri angiangi mō te hanga whakapiri taera.
Pātai 3 He aha ngā mea hei aro atu māu ina whakapirihia ngā taera ki ngā ara whakapūhauhautanga?
Whakautu: Tirohia mēnā he 90° te koki matau o ngā koki yin me te yang o te paipa whakapūhauhautanga i mua i te whakapiri, ā, kia ≤4mm te hapa i waenga i te koki kua whakaurua me te pito o te paipa; me ōrite ngā hononga o ngā taera tapahi ringaringa koki yang 45°, ā, kāore e taea te whakapiri tata, ki te kore ka pāngia te kaha piri o ngā taera (Mā te makuku me te wera e pakaru ai te taha o te taera, ka pakaru); waiho he putanga tirotiro tāpiri (kia kore ai e horoia ngā paipa me te keri, ka pāngia te āhua).
Pātai 4 Me pēhea te tāuta i ngā taera papa me te waikeri papa?
Whakautu: I te whakatakoto i ngā taera papa, kimihia he pari pai kia rere ai te wai i ngā tūranga katoa ki roto i te waikeri papa, me te pari o te 1% ki te 2%. Mena e rua ngā waikeri papa e whakatakotoria ana i te wāhanga kotahi, ko te pūwāhi waenga i waenganui i ngā waikeri papa e rua me waiho hei pūwāhi teitei rawa, ā, me whariki ki ngā taha e rua; ki te ōrite ngā taera pakitara me ngā taera papa, me whakatakoto ngā taera papa ki te taha o ngā taera pakitara.
Pātai 5 He aha ngā mea hei aro atu ina pania te piripiri taera tere-maroke ki waho?
Whakautu: He poto ake te wā rokiroki me te wā hau o ngā piri taera tere-maroke i ngā piri taera noa, nō reira kaua e nui rawa te nui o te whakaranu i te wā kotahi, kaua hoki e nui rawa te wāhi waru i te wā kotahi. Me tino rite ki ngā whakaritenga. Ka taea te whakamahi i te hua hei whakaoti i te hanganga i roto i te wā. Kāore e whakaaetia kia whakamahia tonutia te piri taera kua ngaro tōna hanganga, ā, kua tata ki te haukū i muri i te tāpiri wai mō te wā tuarua, ki te kore ka pā kino ki te kaha o te piri wawe me te mutunga, ā, ka puta he mā nui. Me whakamahi tonu i muri i te whakaoho. Ki te tere rawa te maroke, ka taea te whakaiti i te nui o te whakaoho, ka taea te whakaiti i te pāmahana o te wai whakaranu, ā, ka taea te whakaiti i te tere whakaoho.
Pātai 6 He aha ngā take me ngā mahi ārai o te poka, te hekenga rānei o te kaha piri i muri i te herenga o ngā taera uku?
Whakautu: Tuatahi, tirohia te kounga o te pūtake, te wā whai mana o te kounga hua, te ōwehenga tohatoha wai me ētahi atu āhuatanga. Kātahi, i runga i te takoto kau, te heke rānei o te kaha piri i puta mai i te piri taera i muri i te wā whakapūhautanga i te wā e whakapirihia ana, me mōhio me whakapiri te piri i roto i te wā whakapūhautanga. I te wā e whakapiri ana, me mirimiri paku kia kikī ai te piri taera. I runga i te āhuatanga takoto kau, iti rānei te piri i puta mai i te whakatikatika i muri i te wā whakatikatika, me mōhio i tēnei take, ki te hiahiatia he whakatikatika anō, me tango tuatahi te piri taera, kātahi ka whakakī anō i te grout mō te whakapiri. I te wā e whakapiri ana i ngā taera whakapaipai nui, nā te kore e ranea te piri taera, ka nui rawa te toia i te wā e whakatikatika ana i mua me muri, ka pakaru te piri, ka pakaru, ka whakaiti rānei i te piri. Kia tūpato i te wā e whakatakoto ana i mua, me tino tika te nui o te piri, ā, me whakatikatika te tawhiti o mua me muri mā te patu me te pēhi. Kaua te matotoru o te piri tāera e iti iho i te 3mm, ā, ko te tawhiti whakatikatika kukume kia tata ki te 25% o te matotoru o te piri. Nā te wera me te maroke o te rangi me te nui o te horahanga o ia puranga waru, ka ngaro te wai i runga i te mata o tetahi wāhanga o te piri, me whakaiti te horahanga o ia puranga piri; ina kore e matotoru te piri tāera, me waru anō. Mēnā kua hipa te wā whakatikatika, ā, ka akiakihia te whakatikatika, me tango atu, ka whakakapi. Mēnā kāore i te rawaka te matotoru o te piri tāera, me pani ki te wai. Kia mahara: Kaua e tāpirihia he wai, he mea rānei ki te piri kua totoka, kua mārō hoki i tua atu i te wā mahi, kātahi ka whakamahia i muri i te whakaoho.
Pātai 7 I te horoinga o te pepa i runga i te mata o ngā taera, he aha ngā take me ngā mahi ārai e taka ai ngā taera?
Whakautu: Mō tēnei āhuatanga i puta mai i te horoi wawe, me whakaroa te horoi, ā, me eke te piripiri taera ki tētahi kaha i mua i te horoinga. Mena he hiahia tere ki te tere o te wā hanga, he pai ki te whakamahi i tētahi piripiri taera maroke tere, ā, ka taea te horoi i te iti rawa i te 2 hāora i muri i te otinga o te papa.
Pātai 8 He aha ngā mea hei aro atu māu ina whakapiri ana i ngā taera whānui?
Whakautu: I te wā e whakapiri ana i ngā taera nui, kia tūpato ki: 1) Whakapirihia i roto i te wā maroke o te piripiri taera. 2) Whakamahia he kāpia e ranea ana i te wā kotahi hei ārai i te korenga o te kāpia, ā, me whakakī anō te kāpia.
Pātai 9 Me pēhea te whakarite i te kounga o te whakapiri o ngā taera uku ngohengohe hei papa whakapaipai hou?
Whakautu: Me whakamātau te piripiri kua tīpakohia ki ngā taera uku ngohengohe, ā, me whiriwhiri hoki i tētahi piripiri taera he kaha te piri hei whakapiri.
Pātai 10 Me rumaki ngā taera ki te wai i mua i te whakapiri?
Whakautu: I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i ngā piripiri taera whai mana hei whakapiri, kāore e hiahiatia kia rumakina ngā taera ki te wai, ā, he pai ngā āhuatanga pupuri wai o ngā piripiri taera.
Pātai 11 Me pēhea te whakatakoto pereki ina he nui te rerekētanga o te papatahi o te turanga?
Whakautu: 1) Te whakatakoto i mua i te whakaōrite; 2) Te hanga mā te tikanga whakakotahi.
Pātai 12 I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, kia pēhea te roa i muri i te otinga o te hanganga ārai wai, ka taea te tīmata i te tārai me te whakapiripiri?
Whakautu: Kei te momo rauemi ā-wai. Ko te kaupapa matua ko te mea ka taea anake te tāra i te rauemi ā-wai i muri i te ekenga o te kaha e hiahiatia ana mō te tāra i ngā taera. Me tohu.
Pātai 13 I te nuinga o te wā, kia pēhea te roa ka taea te whakamahi i muri i te otinga o te tārai me te whakapiripiri?
Whakautu: I muri i te whakapiripiri, ka taea te whakamahi i muri i te whakamaroke maori mō ngā rā 5~7 (me whakaroa i te takurua me te wā ua).
2.1 Ngā mahi ā-roto whānui
Pātai 1 Ina whakapirihia ngā kōhatu, ngā pereki rānei he mārama te tae ki ngā whakapiri taera pouri, he aha ngā take me ngā huarahi hei ārai i te huri o te tae o ngā kōhatu, o ngā pereki rānei?
Whakautu: Ko te take he ngoikore te uru o te kōhatu marama, ā, he ngāwari te uru o te tae o te piri tāera pouri ki roto i te mata. E taunakihia ana kia whakamahia he piri tāera mā, he piri tāera mārama rānei. Hei tāpiri, ina whakapirihia ngā kōhatu ngāwari ki te poke, kia tūpato ki te uhi o muri me te uhi o mua, ā, whakamahia he piri tāera maroke tere hei ārai i te poke o ngā kōhatu.
Pātai 2 Me pēhea te karo i te kore e tika ngā hononga whakapiri taera, ā, kāore hoki e maeneene te mata?
Whakautu: 1) Me āta whiriwhiri ngā pereki anga i te wā hanga kia kore ai e taupatupatu ngā hononga me ngā hononga i waenga i ngā pereki tata nā te kore ōrite o ngā whakaritenga me ngā rahi o ngā pereki. Hei tāpiri, me waiho kia nui ngā hononga pereki, ā, me whakamahi hoki i ngā kāri pereki.
2) Whakatauhia te teitei o te turanga, ā, me whai ia pūwāhi o te teitei i te rohe o runga o te rūri (tirohia ngā mirumiru). I muri i te whakapiringa o ia rārangi, me tirotiro whakapae, poutū hoki ki te rūri i te wā tika, ā, me whakatika i te wā tika; ki te nui ake te hononga i te hapa e whakaaetia ana, me tango ngā taera pakitara (papa) i te wā tika hei whakakapi i te piripiri taera kia mahi anō.
He pai ake te whakamahi i te tikanga kukume mō te hanga.
Pātai 3 Te hanganga o roto, me pēhea te tatau i te nui o ngā taera mata, ngā piripiri taera me ngā mea whakapiri?
Whakautu: I mua i te whakapiri i ngā taera ki roto, me whakarite i mua kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga o te taera, ka tatau i te nui o ngā taera e anga ana (ka tatauhia motuhaketia ngā taera pakitara me ngā taera papa) e ai ki ngā hua o te whakaritenga me te horahanga whakapiri + (10%~15%) te ngaronga.
Mēnā ka tāraitia ngā tāera mā te whakamahi i te tikanga whakapiri angiangi, ko te matotoru o te paparanga piri he 3~5mm te tikanga, ā, ko te nui o te piri (rauemi maroke) he 5~8kg/m2, e ai ki te tātaitanga o te 1.6kg o te rauemi ia mita tapawha mō te matotoru o te 1mm.
Ko te tātai tohutoro mō te nui o te mea whakapiri:
Te nui o te hiri = [(te roa o te pereki + te whānui o te pereki) * te matotoru o te pereki * te whānui o te hononga * 2/(te roa o te pereki * te whānui o te pereki)], kg/㎡
Pātai 4 I roto i te hanganga o roto, me pēhea te ārai i te poka o ngā pereki pakitara me te papa nā te hanganga?
Whakautuhia tētahi: 1) Kōwhiria te piripiri taera e tika ana;
2) Te tiaki tika i te tuara o te taera me te mata o te turanga;
3) Ka tino whakaohokia te piripiri taera, ka pakari kia kore ai e maroke te paura;
4) E ai ki te wā whakatuwheratanga me te tere hanga o te piripiri taera, whakatikatikahia te wāhi waru o te piripiri taera;
5) Whakamahia te tikanga whakakotahi hei whakapiri hei whakaiti i te āhuatanga o te mata here kore rawa;
6) Te tiaki tika hei whakaiti i te wiri wawe.
Whakautu 2: 1) I mua i te whakatakoto i ngā taera, me whakarite tuatahi kia ≤ 4mm/2m te papatahi me te poutū o te paparanga paraikete whakataurite;
2) Mō ngā taera rerekē te rahi, tīpakohia ngā kokoru niho me ngā whakaritenga e tika ana;
3) Me pania ngā pereki nunui ki te piripiri pereki ki te tuara o ngā pereki;
4) Kia oti te whakatakotoranga o ngā taera, whakamahia he hama rapa hei hama, hei whakatikatika i te papatahi.
Pātai 5 Me pēhea te whakahaere tika i ngā pūnga taipitopito pēnei i ngā kokonga yin me yang, ngā kōhatu tatau, me ngā waikeri papa?
Whakautu: Me koki tika ngā kokonga yin me yang i te 90 nekehanga i muri i te tārai, ā, ko te hapa koki i waenganui i ngā pito me ≤4mm. Ko te roa me te whānui o te kōhatu tatau he rite ki te taupoki tatau. Mena he ara raro tetahi taha, ā, he rūma moe tetahi taha, me ōrite te kōhatu tatau ki te whenua i ngā pito e rua; kia 5~8mm te teitei ake i te papa o te kaukau hei pupuri i te wai. I te wā e tāuta ana i te waikeri papa, kia 1mm te raro o te panera waikeri papa i ngā taera e karapoti ana; kāore e taea e te piri taera te whakapoke i te takirere o raro o te waikeri papa (ka kore e pai te turuturu o te wai), ā, e taunakihia ana kia whakamahia he piri taera sima ngāwari mō te tāutanga waikeri papa.
Pātai 6 He aha ngā mea hei aro atu ina whakapirihia ngā taera ki ngā pakitara wehewehe o te keel maitai māmā?
Whakautu: Me aro nui ki: 1) Me tutuki te kaha o te paparanga turanga i ngā whakaritenga o te pumau o te hanganga. Ka honoa te hanganga tuarua me te hanganga taketake ki te mata whatu.
2) E ai ki te tere mimiti wai, te horahanga me te taumaha o ngā taera, tauritehia, ā, tīpakohia te piripiri taera;
3) Hei whiriwhiri i tētahi tukanga whakatakoto papa e tika ana, me whakamahi koe i te tikanga whakakotahi hei whakatakoto papa, hei miri hoki i ngā taera kia mau tonu.
Pātai 7 I roto i te taiao wiri, hei tauira, i te wā e tārai ana i ngā taera ki ngā wāhi he pūtake wiri pea pērā i ngā rūma ararewa, he aha ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi whakapiri me aro atu?
Whakautu: I te whakatakotoranga o ngā taera ki tēnei momo wāhanga, me aro ki te ngāwari o te piri taera, arā, te kaha o te piri taera ki te whakapiko taha. Ko te kaha ake o te kaha, ko te tikanga kāore e ngāwari te whakapiko i te paparanga piri taera ina rūrūtia te turanga, ina whakapikohia. Ka puta he kōhao, ka taka, ā, ka mau tonu te pai o te mahi piri.
2.2 Ngā mahi whānui o waho
Pātai 1 He aha ngā mea hei aro atu māu i te wā e hanga ana i ngā taera o waho i te raumati?
Whakautu: Kia tūpato ki te mahi ārai rā me te tiaki ua. I roto i te taiao pāmahana teitei me te hau kaha, ka tino poto te wā hau. Kaua te wāhi e waruhia ai te piri porcelain e nui rawa, kia kore ai e maroke te paru nā te whakapiri wawe. Ka puta he poka.
Kia mōhio: 1) Te whiriwhiri rauemi ōrite; 2) Kaua e tukua kia whiti te rā i te poutumarotanga; 3) Te atarangi; 4) Whakaohokia he iti, ā, whakamahia wawe tonu.
Pātai 2 Me pēhea te whakarite kia papatahi te wāhi nui o te turanga o te pakitara pereki o waho?
Whakautu: Me tutuki te papatahi o te mata o raro i ngā whakaritenga o te papatahi o te hanganga. Mena he tino ngoikore te papatahi o tētahi wāhi nui, me whakataurite anō mā te kukume i te waea. Mena he wāhi iti kei roto ngā pūwero, me whakataurite i mua. Mena he kōpiko te wāhi iti, ka taea te whakataurite ki te piripiri i mua.
Pātai 3 He aha ngā whakaritenga mō tētahi mata turanga e tika ana mō te hanganga o waho?
Whakautu: Ko ngā whakaritenga matua koia ēnei: 1) Me pakari te kaha o te mata o te turanga; 2) Kei roto i te awhe paerewa te papatahi o te paparanga turanga.
Pātai 4 Me pēhea te whakarite kia papatahi te mata nui i muri i te tāraitanga o te pakitara o waho?
Whakautu: 1) Me papatahi te paparanga turanga i te tuatahi;
2) Me tutuki ngā pereki pakitara i ngā whakaritenga o te paerewa ā-motu, kia ōrite te matotoru me te mata pereki maeneene, me ētahi atu;
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi 29-2022