Mu ibumba ryateguwe kuvanga, ingano y'inyongera yaeteri ya seluloseni nke cyane, ariko ishobora kunoza cyane imikorere ya morti yoroshye, kandi ni inyongeramusaruro nyamukuru igira ingaruka ku mikorere y’ubwubatsi bwa morti. Guhitamo neza ether za cellulose z’ubwoko butandukanye, ubukana butandukanye, ingano zitandukanye z’uduce, ingano zitandukanye z’ubukana n’ingano y’inyongera bizagira ingaruka nziza ku kunoza imikorere ya morti yoroshye. Muri iki gihe, morti nyinshi z’amabuye n’izisimwa zifite imikorere mibi yo kubika amazi, kandi amazi asigaye azatandukana nyuma y’iminota mike ahagaze.
Kubika amazi ni ingenzi cyane kuri eteri ya methyl cellulose, kandi ni imikorere abakora moteri nyinshi zo mu ngo zivanze n’amazi, cyane cyane izo mu turere two mu majyepfo dufite ubushyuhe bwinshi, bitaho. Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku kubikwa kw’amazi kwa moteri zivanze n’amazi birimo ingano ya MC yongewemo, ubukana bwa MC, ubuto bw’uduce duto n’ubushyuhe bw’aho ikoreshwa.
Cellulose ether ni polymer ikoze mu buryo bwa sillulose karemano binyuze mu guhindura shimi. Cellulose ether ni ikintu gikomoka kuri cellulose karemano. Ikorwa rya cellulose ether ritandukanye na polymer zikoze mu buryo bwa sillulose. Ibikoresho byayo by'ibanze ni cellulose, imvange ya polymer karemano. Bitewe n'imiterere ya cellulose karemano, cellulose ubwayo ntabwo ifite ubushobozi bwo gukorana n'ibintu bihindura ether. Ariko, nyuma yo kuvurwa n'ikintu kibyimba, imigozi ikomeye ya hydrogen hagati y'iminyururu ya molekile n'iminyururu irasenyuka, kandi irekurwa ry'itsinda rya hydroxyl rihinduka cellulose ya alkali ikora. Kubona cellulose ether.
Imiterere ya eteri za selulosi iterwa n'ubwoko, umubare n'uko ibintu bisimburana bikwirakwira. Uburyo eteri za selulosi zishyirwa mu byiciro bushingiye kandi ku bwoko bw'ibintu bisimburana, urwego rw'ubushyuhe, gushonga kw'ibintu bifitanye isano n'imikorere. Dukurikije ubwoko bw'ibintu bisimburana ku ruhererekane rwa molekile, ishobora kugabanywamo monoether na eteri ivanze. MC dusanzwe dukoresha ni monoether, kandiHPMCni ether ivanze. Methyl cellulose ether MC ni umusaruro nyuma y’uko itsinda rya hydroxyl riri kuri glucose unit ya cellulose karemano risimbuwe na methoxy. Ni umusaruro uboneka hashingiwe ku gusimbuza igice cy’itsinda rya hydroxyl kuri iyo unit itsinda rya methoxy n’ikindi gice n’itsinda rya hydroxypropyl. Formula y’imiterere ni [C6H7O2(OH)3-mn(OCH3)m[OCH2CH(OH)CH3]n]x Hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose ether HEMC, izi ni zo mbuto z’ingenzi zikoreshwa cyane kandi zigurishwa ku isoko.
Ku bijyanye n'uburyo ishonga ishobora gushonga, ishobora kugabanywamo ionic na non-ionic. I-ether za cellulose zidafite ionic zishonga mu mazi zigizwe ahanini n'uruhererekane rubiri rwa alkyl ethers na hydroxyalkyl ethers. Ionic CMC ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu isabune y'ubukorikori, gucapa no gusiga amarangi mu myenda, gushakisha ibiryo n'amavuta. I-MC zidafite ionic, HPMC, HEMC, n'izindi zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu bikoresho by'ubwubatsi, gusiga latex, imiti, imiti ya buri munsi, n'ibindi. Ikoreshwa nk'ingufu, ifata amazi, itera imbaraga, igabanya ubushyuhe n'itera firime.
Kubika amazi muri eteri ya selulose: Mu gukora ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi, cyane cyane ifu yumye, eteri ya selulose igira uruhare rudasimburwa, cyane cyane mu gukora imashini yihariye (imashini yahinduwe), ni ikintu cy'ingenzi kandi cy'ingenzi. Uruhare rw'ingenzi rwa eteri ya selulose ishongera amazi muri serilori rufite ibice bitatu, kimwe ni ubushobozi bwiza bwo kubika amazi, ikindi ni ingaruka ku buryo imashini igumana n'ishusho, naho icya gatatu ni uburyo ikorana na sima. Ingaruka zo kubika amazi muri eteri ya selulose ziterwa n'uburyo amazi yinjira mu gice cy'ibanze, imiterere ya serilori, ubunini bw'igice cy'imashini, ikenera amazi muri serilori, n'igihe ibikoresho bishyirwa. Kubika amazi muri eteri ya selulose ubwayo bituruka ku gushonga no kubura amazi muri eteri ya selulose ubwayo. Nkuko twese tubizi, nubwo urunigi rwa molekile rwa selulose rugizwe n'amatsinda menshi ya OH ashobora kuvoma cyane, ntabwo ishongera mu mazi, kuko imiterere ya selulose ifite urwego rwo hejuru rwa kristali. Ubushobozi bwo gutonyanga bw'amatsinda ya hydroxyl gusa ntibuhagije kugira ngo butwikire imigozi ikomeye ya hydrogen n'imbaraga za van der Waals hagati ya molekile. Kubwibyo, irabyimba gusa ariko ntishonga mu mazi. Iyo umusimbura yinjijwe mu mugozi wa molekile, si umusimbura gusa usenya umugozi wa hydrogen, ahubwo n'umugozi wa hydrogen uhuza imigozi urasenyuka bitewe no guhuza umusimbura hagati y'imigozi yegeranye. Uko umusimbura ari munini, ni ko intera iri hagati ya molekile iba nini. Intera iri hagati y'imigozi ni nini. Uko ingaruka zo gusenya imigozi ya hydrogène ziba nyinshi, eteri ya cellulose iba ishonga mu mazi nyuma y'uko lattice ya cellulose yagutse kandi umuti winjira, igakora umuti ufite ubushyuhe bwinshi. Iyo ubushyuhe buzamutse, ubushyuhe bwa polymer buragabanuka, kandi amazi ari hagati y'imigozi arasohoka. Iyo ingaruka yo kubura amazi ihagije, molekile zitangira kwishyira hamwe, zigakora gel y'imiterere y'urusobe rw'ibice bitatu hanyuma zigapfunyika.
Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku kubika amazi kwa mortiweri birimo ubukana bwa eteri ya cellulose, ingano y’inyongera, ubuto bw’uduce duto n’ubushyuhe bw’ikoreshwa.
Uko eteri ya selulosi irushaho kuba nziza, ni ko imikorere myiza yo kubika amazi. Ubukana ni ikintu cy'ingenzi muMCImikorere. Kuri ubu, abakora MC batandukanye bakoresha uburyo butandukanye n'ibikoresho bitandukanye kugira ngo bapime ubukana bwa MC. Uburyo bw'ingenzi ni Haake Rotovisko, Hoppler, Ubbelohde na Brookfield, nibindi. Ku gicuruzwa kimwe, ibisubizo bya ubukana bipimwe hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye biratandukanye cyane, ndetse bimwe bifite itandukaniro rya kabiri. Kubwibyo, iyo ugereranije ubukana, bigomba gukorwa hagati y'uburyo bumwe bwo gupima, harimo ubushyuhe, rotor, nibindi.
Muri rusange, uko amazi arushaho kuba menshi, ni ko ingaruka zo kubika amazi ziba nziza. Ariko, uko amazi arushaho kuba menshi kandi uburemere bwa MC bukaba bwinshi, kugabanuka kw'uburyo bwo gushonga kwabyo bizagira ingaruka mbi ku mbaraga n'imikorere y'ubwubatsi bwa mortiweri. Uko amazi arushaho kuba menshi, ni ko ingaruka zo gushonga kwa mortiweri zigaragara cyane, ariko ntabwo bingana neza. Uko amazi arushaho kuba menshi, mortiweri irushaho kuba ikomeye, ni ukuvuga ko mu gihe cyo kubaka, igaragara nk'aho ifata ku gikoresho cyo gukurura no gufatana cyane n'icyatsi. Ariko ntabwo ari byiza kongera imbaraga z'imiterere ya mortiweri itose ubwayo. Mu gihe cyo kubaka, imikorere yo kurwanya gushonga ntabwo igaragara. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, hari eteri za methyl cellulose zahinduwe zifite imikorere myiza mu kunoza imbaraga z'imiterere ya mortiweri itose.
Uko eteri ya selulosi yongerwa mu gikoresho kinini, ni ko amazi arushaho kuba meza, kandi uko amazi arushaho kuba menshi, ni ko amazi arushaho kuba meza.
Ku bijyanye n'ingano y'uduce, uko agace gato kaba gato, ni ko amazi arushaho kugumana neza. Nyuma y'uko uduce duto twa cellulose ether duhuye n'amazi, ubuso buhita bushonga bugakora jeli yo gupfunyika ibikoresho kugira ngo wirinde ko molekile z'amazi zikomeza kwinjira. Hari igihe ntishobora gukwirakwira no gushonga kimwe ndetse no nyuma yo kuvanga igihe kirekire, bigatuma habaho umuti w'ibicu cyangwa agglomeration. Bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku kubika amazi kwa cellulose ether, kandi gushonga ni kimwe mu bintu bituma umuntu ahitamo cellulose ether. Ubutonyanga nabwo ni igipimo cy'ingenzi cy'imikorere ya methyl cellulose ether. MC ikoreshwa mu gushonga kw'ifu yumye isabwa kuba ifu, ifite amazi make, kandi ubutonyanga busaba ko 20% ~ 60% by'ingano y'uduce tuba munsi ya 63um. Ubutonyanga bugira ingaruka ku gushonga kwa methyl cellulose ether. MC ikomeye akenshi iba ifite uduce duto, kandi biroroshye gushonga mu mazi nta gushonga, ariko igipimo cyo gushonga kiragenda buhoro cyane, bityo ntikwiriye gukoreshwa mu gushonga kw'ifu yumye. Mu ifu yumye, MC ikwirakwizwa mu bikoresho byo gusima nka aggregate, fine filler na sima, kandi ifu nziza ihagije ni yo ishobora kwirinda methyl cellulose ether agglomeration iyo ivanze n'amazi. Iyo MC yongewemo amazi kugira ngo ishongeshe agglomerate, biragoye cyane kuyitatanya no kuyishongesha. Ubutoshye bwa MC ntibupfa ubusa gusa, ahubwo bunagabanya imbaraga za MC. Iyo ifu yumye nk'iyo ikoreshejwe ahantu hanini, umuvuduko wo kuyitobora wa MC yumye yo muri ako gace uzagabanuka cyane, kandi imyenge izagaragara bitewe n'ibihe bitandukanye byo kuyitobora. Ku ifu ifashishijwe ibyuma, ibisabwa kugira ngo ibe nziza ni byinshi bitewe n'igihe gito cyo kuyivanga.
Ubuto bwa MC nabwo bugira ingaruka ku kubika amazi. Muri rusange, kuri eteri za methyl cellulose zifite ubuto bumwe ariko ubuto butandukanye, iyo zikongerwamo ingano imwe, uko zirushaho kuba nziza niko zirushaho kuba nziza mu kubika amazi.
Uburyo amazi abikwamo muri MC nabwo bufitanye isano n'ubushyuhe bukoreshwa, kandi uburyo amazi abikwamo muri methyl cellulose ether bugabanuka uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera. Ariko, mu ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho nyabyo, ifu yumye ikunze gushyirwa ku bintu bishyushye ku bushyuhe bwinshi (buri hejuru ya dogere 40) mu bintu byinshi, nko gusigwa ifu yo hanze ku rukuta munsi y'izuba mu mpeshyi, akenshi byihutisha Gutunganya sima no gukomera kwa firigo yumye. Kugabanuka k'umuvuduko wo kubika amazi bitera kumva ko ubushobozi bwo gukora no kudakora neza bizagira ingaruka, kandi ni ingenzi cyane kugabanya ingaruka z'ubushyuhe muri iki gihe. Nubwo inyongera za methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose ether muri iki gihe zifatwa nk'iza mbere mu iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga, kwishingikiriza ku bushyuhe bizakomeza gutuma imikorere ya firigo yumye igabanuka. Nubwo ingano ya methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose yiyongera (formula yo mu mpeshyi), ubushobozi bwo gukora no kudakora neza ntibishobora guhaza ikoreshwa. Binyuze mu buryo bwihariye bwo kuvura MC, nko kongera urugero rwa etherification, nibindi, ingaruka zo kubika amazi zishobora kuguma ku bushyuhe bwinshi, kugira ngo ibashe gutanga umusaruro mwiza mu bihe bikomeye.
Byongeye kandi, ububyimbirwe n'ubukonje bwa thixotropi ya eteri ya selulose: imikorere ya kabiri ya eteri ya selulose - ububyimbirwe biterwa na: urwego rwa polymerization ya eteri ya selulose, ubucucike bw'umuti, igipimo cyo gukata, ubushyuhe n'ibindi. Imiterere ya gelling y'umuti ni umwihariko wa alkyl cellulose n'ibikomoka kuri yo byahinduwe. Imiterere ya gelation ifitanye isano n'urwego rwo gusimbuza, ubucucike bw'umuti n'inyongera. Ku bikomoka kuri hydroxyalkyl byahinduwe, imiterere ya gel ifitanye isano n'urwego rwo guhindura hydroxyalkyl. Umuti wa 10%-15% ushobora gutegurwa kuri MC na HPMC bifite ubucucike buke, umuti wa 5%-10% ushobora gutegurwa kuri MC na HPMC bifite ubucucike buri hagati, naho umuti wa 2%-3% ushobora gutegurwa gusa kuri MC na HPMC bifite ubucucike bwinshi. Ubusanzwe, ishyirwa mu byiciro rya viscosity ya eteri ya selulose naryo rigenwa na 1%-2%. Eteri ya selulose ifite ubucucike bwinshi. Polymers zifite uburemere butandukanye bwa molekile zifite ubucucike butandukanye mu gisubizo kimwe. Ingano yo hejuru. Ubushyuhe bw'ibice bushobora kugerwaho gusa iyo wongeyeho ingano nini ya eteri ya cellulose ifite uburemere buke bwa molekile. Ubushyuhe bwayo ntibushingira cyane ku gipimo cyo gukata, kandi ubushyuhe bwinshi bugera kuri ubushyuhe bw'ibice, bisaba kongerwamo bike, kandi ubushyuhe bushingiye ku buryo bwo gukuba. Kubwibyo, kugira ngo habeho uburinganire runaka, ingano runaka ya eteri ya cellulose (ubwinshi bw'umuti) n'ubushyuhe bw'umuti bigomba kwemezwa. Ubushyuhe bwa gel bw'umuti nabwo buragabanuka ku murongo ugororotse uko ubwinshi bw'umuti bwiyongera, na gel ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba nyuma yo kugera ku gipimo runaka. Ubushyuhe bwa HPMC mu bushyuhe bw'icyumba ni bwinshi cyane.
Guhuza ibintu bishobora kandi guhindurwa binyuze mu guhitamo ingano y'uduce duto no guhitamo eteri za selulose zifite urwego rutandukanye rwo guhinduka. Icyo bita guhindura ni ukwinjiza urugero runaka rwo gusimbuza amatsinda ya hydroxyalkyl ku miterere y'amagufwa ya MC. Mu guhindura agaciro k'isimbuza ry'ibintu bibiri, ni ukuvuga agaciro k'isimbuza ry'ibintu bya DS na ms by'amatsinda ya methoxy na hydroxyalkyl dukunze kuvuga. Ibisabwa bitandukanye ku mikorere ya eteri ya selulose bishobora kuboneka binyuze mu guhindura agaciro k'isimbuza ry'ibintu bibiri.
Isano iri hagati y’ubudahinduka n’impinduka: kongeramo eteri ya selulose igira ingaruka ku mikoreshereze y’amazi ya mortiweri, guhindura igipimo cy’amazi n’isima mu mikoreshereze y’amazi ni ko ingaruka ziyongera, uko ingano ingana, ni ko amazi akoreshwa cyane.
Eteri za selulosi zikoreshwa mu bikoresho by’ubwubatsi by’ifu zigomba gushonga vuba mu mazi akonje kandi zigatanga uburyo bukwiye bwo gukora. Iyo zihawe igipimo runaka cyo gukata, zikomeza kuba blocculent na colloidal block, ibyo bikaba ari ibicuruzwa bidafite ubuziranenge cyangwa bifite ireme rihagije.
Hariho kandi isano nziza hagati y’uburyo imiterere ya sima ihagaze n’ingano ya eteri ya selulose. Eteri ya selulose ishobora kongera cyane ubukana bwa morti. Uko ingano iba nini, niko ingaruka zigaragara cyane. Umuti w’amazi wa selulose eteri ufite ubukana bwinshi ufite thixotropy nyinshi, ari nabyo biranga eteri ya selulose. Imiti y’amazi ya MC polymers akenshi igira ubukana bwa pseudoplastic na non-thixotropic munsi y’ubushyuhe bwa gel, ariko imiterere y’amazi ya Newtonian ku gipimo gito cyo gukata. Pseudoplasticity yiyongera uko uburemere bwa molekile cyangwa ubwinshi bwa eteri ya selulose bugenda, hatitawe ku bwoko bw’umusimbura n’urwego rwo gusimbuza. Kubwibyo, eteri za selulose zifite ubukana bumwe, uko byaba bimeze kose.MC, HPMC, HEMC, izahora igaragaza imiterere imwe ya rheological igihe cyose ubwinshi n'ubushyuhe biguma bihoraho. Gel z'imiterere zibaho iyo ubushyuhe buzamuwe, kandi habaho urujya n'uruza rwa thixotropic rwinshi. Ether za cellulose zifite ubwinshi bwinshi n'ubucucike buke bigaragaza thixotropy ndetse no munsi y'ubushyuhe bwa gel. Iyi miterere ni ingirakamaro cyane mu guhindura uburyo bwo kugorora no kumanuka mu bwubatsi bwa mortilage. Aha hagomba gusobanurwa ko uko viscosity ya cellulose ether irushaho kuba nyinshi, ni ko amazi agumana neza, ariko uko viscosity irushaho kuba nyinshi, ni ko uburemere bwa molekile ya cellulose ether burushaho kwiyongera, ndetse no kugabanuka gukwirakwira kwayo, bigira ingaruka mbi ku bwinshi bwa mortilage n'imikorere y'ubwubatsi. Uko viscosity irushaho kuba nyinshi, ni ko ingaruka zo gukomera ku mortilage zigaragara cyane, ariko ntabwo bingana neza. Viscosity imwe iri hagati n'iyo hasi, ariko cellulose ether yahinduwe igira imikorere myiza mu kunoza imbaraga z'imiterere ya mortilage itose. Uko viscosity yiyongera, kubika amazi kwa cellulose ether birarushaho kuba byiza.
Gutinda kwa eteri ya selulosi: Inshingano ya gatatu ya eteri ya selulosi ni ugutinda gutonyanga kwa sima. Eteri ya selulosi iha sima imiterere itandukanye y'ingirakamaro, kandi ikagabanya ubushyuhe bwa sima butangira gutonyanga kandi igatinda gutonyanga kwa sima. Ibi ntibikwiye gukoreshwa muri sima mu turere dukonje. Iyi ngaruka yo gutinda guterwa no kwinjiza molekile za eteri za selulosi ku bicuruzwa bitonyanga nka CSH na ca (OH)2. Bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'ubushyuhe bw'umuyoboro w'amazi, eteri ya selulosi igabanya kugenda kwa iyoni mu gisubizo, bityo bigatinda gutonyanga. Uko eteri ya selulosi yiyongera mu bikoresho bya gel y'amabuye y'agaciro, niko ingaruka zo gutinda gutonyanga zigaragara cyane. Eteri ya selulosi ntitinda gusa gushyiraho, ahubwo inatinda gukomera kwa sima. Ingaruka zo gutinda kwa eteri ya selulosi ntibiterwa gusa n'ubwinshi bwayo muri sisitemu ya gel y'amabuye y'agaciro, ahubwo binaterwa n'imiterere ya shimi. Uko methylation ya HEMC irushaho kuba nyinshi, niko ingaruka zo gutinda kwa eteri ya selulosi zirushaho kuba nziza. Igipimo cyo gusimbuza amazi ugereranije n’amazi yongera ubwiyongere Ingaruka zo kudindiza zirakomeye. Ariko, ubukana bwa eteri ya selulose ntacyo buhindura ku buryo amazi anyuramo.
Uko ingano ya eteri ya selulosi yiyongera, igihe cyo gushyiraho eteri kiriyongera cyane. Hari isano nziza idashingiye ku murongo hagati y'igihe cyo gushyiraho eteri ya mbere n'ingano ya eteri ya selulosi, hamwe n'isano nziza hagati y'igihe cyo gushyiraho eteri ya nyuma n'ingano ya eteri ya selulosi. Dushobora kugenzura igihe cyo gukora cya eteri duhindura ingano ya eteri ya selulosi.
Muri make, mu gikoresho cyavanzwe neza,eteri ya seluloseIgira uruhare mu kubika amazi, gukurura, gutinza imbaraga zo gukama sima, no kunoza imikorere y'ubwubatsi. Ubushobozi bwiza bwo kubika amazi butuma amazi agumana sima yuzuye, bishobora kongera ubukana bw'amazi ya sima itose, kongera imbaraga zo gufatana kwa sima, no guhindura igihe. Kongera eteri ya selulose kuri sima ikoreshwa mu buryo bwa mashini bishobora kunoza imikorere yo gutera cyangwa gupompa ndetse n'imbaraga z'imiterere ya sima. Kubwibyo, eteri ya selulose irimo gukoreshwa cyane nk'inyongera y'ingenzi muri sima isanzwe ivanze.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 25 Mata 2024