Yenziwa njani i-cellulose?

Ukucubungula i-cellulose kubandakanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuyikhupha kunye nokuyicokisa kwimithombo yayo yendalo, ikakhulu izityalo. I-Cellulose, i-polysaccharide, yenza inxalenye yesakhiwo seendonga zeseli kwizityalo kwaye yeyona polymer ininzi kakhulu emhlabeni. Ukusetyenzwa kwayo kubalulekile kumashishini ukusuka kwiphepha kunye nelaphu ukuya kukutya kunye namayeza.

1. Ukufumana iMathiriyeli ekrwada:

I-cellulose ithathwa ngokuyinhloko kwizityalo, kunye neenkuni kunye nekotoni eyona mithombo ixhaphakileyo. Eminye imithombo ibandakanya i-hemp, iflakisi, ijute, kunye ne-algae ethile. Izityalo ezahlukeneyo zinemixholo ye-cellulose ehlukeneyo, echaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kokutsalwa kunye nokucubungula.

2. Unyango lwangaphambili:

Ngaphambi kokutsalwa kwe-cellulose, izinto ezikrwada zifumana unyango lwangaphambili ukuze zisuse izinto ezingeyo-cellulosic ezifana ne-lignin, i-hemicellulose, kunye ne-pectin. Eli nyathelo liphakamisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-cellulose extraction. Iindlela zonyango zibandakanya ukusila ngoomatshini, unyango lwemichiza (umzekelo, iasidi okanye i-alkali hydrolysis), kunye neenkqubo zebhayoloji (umzekelo, ukugaya i-enzymatic).

3. Ukutsalwa kweSelulosi:

Xa sele ilungisiwe, i-cellulose itsalwa kwizinto zesityalo. Zininzi iindlela ezisetyenziselwa le njongo:

Iindlela zoomatshini: Iindlela zoomatshini zibandakanya ukophula ngokwasemzimbeni izinto zesityalo ukukhulula iifiber zeselulosi. Oku kunokubandakanya ukugaya, ukucola, okanye ukucofa.

Iindlela zemichiza: Iindlela zekhemikhali zibandakanya ukunyanga izinto zesityalo ngeekhemikhali zokunyibilikisa okanye ukuthomalalisa iinxalenye ze-non-cellulosic, zishiya ngasemva i-cellulose. I-Acid hydrolysis kunye nonyango lwe-alkaline lusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo iindlela zeekhemikhali.

Iindlela ze-Enzymatic: Iindlela ze-Enzymatic zisebenzisa i-cellulase enzymes ukwahlula i-cellulose kwiiswekile eziyinxalenye yayo. Le nkqubo ikhetha ngakumbi kwaye ihambelana nokusingqongileyo xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zamachiza.

4. Ukusulungekiswa nokucokiswa:

Emva kokuba ikhutshwe, i-cellulose ihlanjululwa kwaye icocwe ukuze isuse ukungcola kunye nokufezekisa iipropati ezifunwayo. Oku kunokubandakanya ukuhlanjwa, ukuhluzwa, kunye nokufaka i-centrifugation ukwahlula iifayibha zeselulosi kwiikhemikhali ezishiyekileyo okanye amanye amalungu.

5. Uqulunqo kunye noLungiselelo:

Emva kokuhlanjululwa, i-cellulose inokucutshungulwa kwiifom ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwisicelo sayo. Iifom eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

I-Pulp: I-cellulose pulp isetyenziswa kwishishini lephepha kunye nekhadibhodi. Inokuthi ifakwe ibleach ukufezekisa amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okukhanya.

Iintsinga: Iintsinga zeCellulose zisetyenziswa kwilaphu nakwimpahla. Zisenokujijwa zibe ngumsonto kwaye zilukwe zibe ilaphu.

Iifilimu kunye neeMembranes: I-Cellulose inokucutshungulwa kwiifilimu ezincinci okanye iimbrane ezisetyenziselwa ukupakishwa, ukusetyenziswa kwe-biomedical, kunye nokucoca.

I-Chemical Derivatives: I-Cellulose inokuguqulwa ngokwekhemikhali ukuze ivelise i-derivatives eneempawu ezithile. Imizekelo ibandakanya i-cellulose acetate (esetyenziswa kwifilimu yezithombe kunye neempahla) kunye ne-carboxymethyl cellulose (esetyenziswa kwiimveliso zokutya kunye namayeza).

I-Nanocellulose: I-Nanocellulose ibhekisela kwimicu ye-cellulose okanye iikristale ezinobungakanani be-nanoscale. Ineepropati ezizodwa kwaye isetyenziswa kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo eziphambili ezifana ne-nanocomposites, izinto ze-biomedical, kunye ne-elektroniki.

6. Usetyenziso:

Iselulosi esetyenzisiweyo ifumana usetyenziso olunoluhlu olubanzi kuwo wonke amashishini:

Iphepha kunye nokuPakisha: Iselulosi yeyona nto iphambili ekuvelisweni kwephepha, ikhadibhodi, kunye nezinto zokupakisha.

Umqhaphu: Umqhaphu, umthombo weselulosi, usetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini lempahla yempahla, amalaphu asekhaya, kunye namalaphu emizi-mveliso.

Ukutya kunye naMachiza: I-cellulose derivatives isetyenziswa njengezinto ezityebileyo, izizinzi, kunye ne-emulsifiers kwiimveliso zokutya kunye nokwakhiwa kwamayeza.

Izicelo zeBiomedical: Izinto ezisekelwe kwi-cellulose zisetyenziselwa ukubopha amanxeba, i-scaffolds yobunjineli bezicubu, iinkqubo zokuhanjiswa kweziyobisi kunye nokufakelwa kwezonyango.

Ukulungiswa kokusingqongileyo: Izinto ezisekelwe kwi-cellulose zingasetyenziselwa iinjongo zokusingqongileyo, ezifana nokucocwa kwamanzi kunye nokucoca ukuchithwa kweoli.

Amandla ahlaziyekayo: I-Cellulose biomass inokuguqulwa ibe yi-biofuels efana ne-ethanol ngeenkqubo ezifana nokuvutshelwa kunye ne-enzymatic hydrolysis.

7. Iingqwalasela zokusingqongileyo:

Ukusetyenzwa kwe-cellulose kuneempembelelo zokusingqongileyo, ngakumbi malunga nokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali kunye namandla. Iinzame ziyaqhuba ukuphuhlisa iindlela zokusetyenzwa ezizinzileyo, ezinjengokusebenzisa imithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali, kunye nokuphumeza iinkqubo ezivaliweyo zokuhlaziywa kwamanzi kunye neekhemikhali.

8. Imizila yekamva:

Iindlela zexesha elizayo ekusetyenzweni kweselulosi ziquka uphuhliso lwemathiriyeli ephucukileyo eneempawu ezongeziweyo, ezinje ngeplastiki enokubola, amalaphu akrelekrele, kunye neenanocomposites. Kukwakho umdla okhulayo wokusebenzisa i-cellulose njengenye indlela ehlaziyekayo nezinzileyo kwimathiriyeli esekwe kwifosili kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo.

ukusetyenzwa kwe-cellulose kubandakanya uthotho lwamanyathelo, kubandakanywa ukutsalwa, ukucocwa, kunye nokuqulunqwa, ukuvelisa uluhlu oluhlukeneyo lweemveliso kunye nezicelo zemizi-mveliso ezixhaphakileyo. Iinzame zokuphucula iindlela zokusetyenzwa kunye nokuphuhlisa izinto ezintsha ezisekwe kwiselulosi ziqhuba ukuqhubela phambili kweli candelo, kugxilwe kuzinzo kunye noxanduva lokusingqongileyo.