Kukonza ma cellulose kumaphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana zochotsera ndikuyenga kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe, makamaka zomera. Cellulose, polysaccharide, imapanga gawo lamakoma a cell muzomera ndipo ndi polima wochuluka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kukonzekera kwake ndikofunikira m'mafakitale kuyambira pamapepala ndi nsalu mpaka ku chakudya ndi mankhwala.
1. Kupeza Zopangira:
Cellulose imachokera ku zomera, ndipo nkhuni ndi thonje ndizo zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri. Magwero ena ndi hemp, fulakesi, jute, ndi algae. Zomera zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi ma cellulose osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito am'zigawo ndi kukonza.
2. Kuchiza:
Pamaso pa cellulose m'zigawo, zopangira amapita pretreatment kuchotsa sanali cellulosic zigawo zikuluzikulu monga lignin, hemicellulose, ndi pectin. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kutulutsa kwa cellulose. Njira zochiritsira zikuphatikizapo kugaya ndi makina, mankhwala (mwachitsanzo, asidi kapena alkali hydrolysis), ndi njira zamoyo (mwachitsanzo, chimbudzi cha enzymatic).
3. Kutulutsa Ma cellulose:
Akakonzedwa kale, cellulose amachotsedwa muzomera. Njira zingapo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa izi:
Njira zamakina: Njira zamakina zimaphatikizira kuthyola mbewu ndikutulutsa ulusi wa cellulose. Izi zingaphatikizepo kugaya, mphero, kapena kukanikiza.
Njira Zamankhwala: Njira zama mankhwala zimaphatikizapo kuchitira zinthu zomera ndi mankhwala kuti zisungunuke kapena kuwononga zinthu zopanda cellulosic, kusiya cellulose. Acid hydrolysis ndi mankhwala amchere amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri njira zama mankhwala.
Njira za Enzymatic: Njira za Enzymatic zimagwiritsira ntchito ma enzymes a cellulase kuti aswe cellulose kukhala shuga wake. Njirayi ndiyosasankha komanso yosamalira zachilengedwe poyerekeza ndi njira zama mankhwala.
4. Kuyeretsedwa ndi Kukonzanso:
Akatulutsidwa, cellulose amayeretsedwa ndikuyengedwa kuti achotse zonyansa ndikukwaniritsa zomwe akufuna. Izi zingaphatikizepo kutsuka, kusefera, ndi kuyika pakati kuti alekanitse ulusi wa cellulose ndi mankhwala otsalira kapena zigawo zina.
5. Kupanga ndi Kukonza:
Pambuyo pa kuyeretsedwa, cellulose imatha kusinthidwa kukhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana kutengera momwe ikufunira. Mafomu odziwika bwino ndi awa:
Zamkati: Zamkati za cellulose zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamapepala ndi makatoni. Itha kupangidwanso bleach kuti ikwaniritse magawo osiyanasiyana owala.
Ulusi: Ulusi wa cellulose umagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nsalu ndi zovala. Akhoza kuwomba kukhala ulusi ndi kuwomba mu nsalu.
Mafilimu ndi Mamembreni: Ma cellulose amatha kusinthidwa kukhala mafilimu opyapyala kapena nembanemba omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popakira, kugwiritsa ntchito zamankhwala, ndi kusefera.
Zochokera ku Chemical: Ma cellulose amatha kusinthidwa kuti apange zotumphukira zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zinazake. Zitsanzo ndi cellulose acetate (yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mufilimu ndi nsalu) ndi carboxymethyl cellulose (yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito muzakudya ndi mankhwala).
Nanocellulose: Nanocellulose amatanthauza ulusi wa cellulose kapena makhiristo okhala ndi miyeso ya nanoscale. Ili ndi katundu wapadera ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zapamwamba monga nanocomposites, biomedical materials, ndi zamagetsi.
6. Mapulogalamu:
Ma cellulose okonzedwa amapeza ntchito zosiyanasiyana m'mafakitale:
Mapepala ndi Kupaka: Ma cellulose ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga mapepala, makatoni, ndi zida zopakira.
Zovala: Thonje, gwero la cellulose, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m’makampani opanga nsalu popanga zovala, nsalu zapakhomo, ndi nsalu za mafakitale.
Chakudya ndi Mankhwala: Zochokera ku cellulose zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zonenepa, zokhazikika, ndi zopangira ma emulsifiers muzakudya ndi kupanga mankhwala.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zamoyo: Zipangizo za cellulose zimagwiritsidwa ntchito povala mabala, ma scaffolds a uinjiniya wa minofu, njira zoperekera mankhwala, ndi zoyika zachipatala.
Kukonzanso Zachilengedwe: Zida zopangira ma cellulose zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso chilengedwe, monga kuthira madzi ndi kuyeretsa mafuta.
Mphamvu Zongowonjezwdwa: Ma cellulose biomass amatha kusinthidwa kukhala ma biofuel monga ethanol kudzera munjira ngati fermentation ndi enzymatic hydrolysis.
7. Zoganizira Zachilengedwe:
Kukonza ma cellulose kumakhudza chilengedwe, makamaka pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi mphamvu. Khama likuchitika pokonza njira zochiritsira, monga kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, ndi kukhazikitsa njira zotsekera zobwezeretsanso madzi ndi mankhwala.
8. Zochitika Zamtsogolo:
Zomwe zidzachitike m'tsogolo pakupanga ma cellulose akuphatikiza kupanga zida zapamwamba zokhala ndi zinthu zowonjezera, monga mapulasitiki owonongeka, nsalu zanzeru, ndi nanocomposites. Palinso chidwi chofuna kugwiritsa ntchito cellulose ngati njira yongowonjezedwanso komanso yokhazikika m'malo mwa zinthu zakale zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana.
Kukonzekera kwa cellulose kumaphatikizapo njira zingapo, kuphatikizapo kuchotsa, kuyeretsa, ndi kupanga, kupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mafakitale ambiri. Kuyesetsa kukhathamiritsa njira zogwirira ntchito ndikupanga zida zopangira zida za cellulose zikupititsa patsogolo ntchito imeneyi, ndikuwunika kukhazikika komanso udindo wa chilengedwe.
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-25-2024