Kapangidwe ka zomera zopangira

Pali mitundu yambiri yazomera zopangira, koma kapangidwe kake kamakhala kosiyana pang'ono, makamaka kopangidwa ndi shuga komanso wopanda shuga.

. Zomera zosiyanasiyana zopangira zimakhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana pagawo lililonse. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa mwachidule zigawo zazikulu zitatu za zida zopangira mbewu:

Cellulose ether, lignin ndi hemicellulose.

1.3 Basic zikuchokera zomera zopangira

1.3.1.1 Ma cellulose

Cellulose ndi macromolecular polysaccharide yopangidwa ndi D-glucose yokhala ndi β-1,4 glycosidic bond. Ndilo chakale kwambiri ndiponso chochuluka kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Polima zachilengedwe. Kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala nthawi zambiri kamayimiridwa ndi mawonekedwe a Haworth ndi mawonekedwe a mipando, pomwe n ndi digiri ya polysaccharide polymerization.

Cellulose Carbohydrate Xylan

arabinoxylan

glucuronide xylan

glucuronide arabinoxylan

glucomannan

galactoglucomannan

arabinogalactan

Wowuma, pectin ndi shuga wina wosungunuka

zigawo zopanda ma carbohydrate

lignin

Kutulutsa Lipids, Lignols, Nayitrogeni Compounds, Inorganic Compounds

Hemicellulose Polyhexopolypentose Polymannose Polygalactose

Terpenes, utomoni zidulo, mafuta zidulo, sterols, onunkhira mankhwala, tannins.

mbewu zakuthupi

1.4 Chemical kapangidwe ka cellulose

1.3.1.2 Lignin

Chigawo choyambirira cha lignin ndi phenylpropane, chomwe chimalumikizidwa ndi ma CC bond ndi ma ether.

lembani polima. Muzomera, gawo la intercellular lili ndi lignin kwambiri,

Zomwe zili mkati mwa cell zidachepa, koma zomwe zili mu lignin zidawonjezeka mkati mwa khoma lachiwiri. Monga intercellular mankhwala, lignin ndi hemifibrils

Pamodzi amadzaza pakati pa ulusi wabwino wa khoma la cell, potero kulimbitsa khoma la khoma la chomera.

1.5 Lignin structural monomers, kuti: p-hydroxyphenylpropane, guaiacyl propane, syringyl propane ndi coniferyl mowa

1.3.1.3 Hemicellulose

Mosiyana ndi lignin, hemicellulose ndi heteropolymer wopangidwa ndi mitundu ingapo ya monosaccharides. Malinga ndi izi

Mitundu ya shuga ndi kupezeka kapena kusapezeka kwa magulu a acyl amatha kugawidwa kukhala glucomannan, arabinosyl (4-O-methylglucuronic acid) -xylan,

Galactosyl glucomannan, 4-O-methylglucuronic acid xylan, arabinosyl galactan, etc.

Makumi asanu pa zana a minofu ya nkhuni ndi xylan, yomwe ili pamwamba pa cellulose microfibrils ndipo imalumikizana ndi ulusi.

Amapanga maukonde a maselo omwe amalumikizana mwamphamvu kwambiri.

1.4 Cholinga cha kafukufuku, kufunikira kwake komanso zomwe zili pamutuwu

1.4.1 Cholinga ndi kufunika kwa kafukufukuyu

Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu ndikusankha mitundu itatu yoyimilira mwa kusanthula zigawo za zopangira zina.

Cellulose amachotsedwa ku zomera. Sankhani etherifying agent yoyenera, ndipo gwiritsani ntchito cellulose yotengedwa m'malo mwa thonje kuti ikhale etherified ndi kusinthidwa kuti mupange CHIKWANGWANI.

Vitamini ether. Ma cellulose ether okonzedwa adagwiritsidwa ntchito posindikiza utoto wokhazikika, ndipo pamapeto pake zotsatira zosindikiza zidafaniziridwa kuti mudziwe zambiri.

Ma cellulose ethers opangira ma phala osindikizira utoto.

Choyamba, kafukufuku wa mutuwu wathetsa vuto logwiritsanso ntchito komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kwa zinyalala zopangira mbewu pamlingo wina.

Pa nthawi yomweyi, njira yatsopano imawonjezeredwa ku gwero la cellulose. Kachiwiri, sodium chloroacetate yochepa kwambiri ndi 2-chloroethanol imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati etherifying agents,

M'malo mwa chloroacetic acid wapoizoni kwambiri, cellulose ether inakonzedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku nsalu ya thonje yogwira ntchito yosindikiza utoto, ndi sodium alginate.

Kafukufuku wokhudza zolowa m'malo ali ndi chiwongolero china, komanso ali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu komanso maupangiri.

Fiber Wall Lignin Kusungunuka Lignin Macromolecules Ma cellulose

9

1.4.2 Zomwe zili mu kafukufuku

1.4.2.1 Kutulutsa cellulose kuzinthu zopangira mbewu

Choyamba, zigawo za zopangira zomera zimayesedwa ndikuwunikidwa, ndipo zopangira zitatu zoyimira mbewu zimasankhidwa kuti zichotse ulusi.

Mavitamini. Ndiye, ndondomeko yopezera mapadi anali wokometsedwa ndi mabuku mankhwala a alkali ndi asidi. Pomaliza, UV

Ma Absorption spectroscopy, FTIR ndi XRD adagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwirizanitsa zinthuzo.

1.4.2.2 Kukonzekera kwa ma cellulose ethers

Pogwiritsa ntchito pine wood cellulose ngati zopangira, idapangidwa kale ndi alkali wokhazikika, ndiyeno kuyesa kwa orthogonal ndi kuyesa kwa chinthu chimodzi kudagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kukonzekera njira zaCMC, HECndi HECMC zidakonzedwa motsatana.

Ma cellulose ether okonzedwa anali odziwika ndi FTIR, H-NMR ndi XRD.

1.4.2.3 Kugwiritsa ntchito phala la cellulose ether

Mitundu itatu ya ma cellulose ethers ndi sodium alginate idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati phala loyambirira, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mapangidwe a phala, mphamvu yamadzi yokhala ndi madzi komanso kuyanjana kwamankhwala a phala loyambirira adayesedwa.

Zofunikira za phala zinayi zoyambirirazo zidafaniziridwa ndi zinthu ndi kukhazikika kosungirako.

Pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu itatu ya ma cellulose ethers ndi sodium alginate monga phala loyambirira, sinthani phala lamtundu wosindikiza, gwiritsani ntchito kusindikiza kwa utoto, perekani tebulo loyeserera.

Kufananiza atatuma cellulose ethers ndi

Kusindikiza katundu wa sodium alginate.

1.4.3 Mfundo zatsopano zofufuzira

(1) Kusandutsa zinyalala kukhala chuma, kutulutsa ma cellulose oyeretsedwa kwambiri ku zinyalala za zomera, zomwe zimawonjezera kugwero la cellulose.

Njira yatsopano, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, mpaka kumlingo wakutiwakuti, imathetsa vuto logwiritsanso ntchito zinyalala zopangira zopangira ndi kuwononga chilengedwe; ndi kuwonjezera fiber

M'zigawo njira.

(2) Kuwunika ndi kuchuluka kwa m'malo mwa cellulose etherifying agents, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri monga chloroacetic acid (poizoni kwambiri), ethylene oxide (kuyambitsa

Khansa), etc. ndi zovulaza thupi la munthu ndi chilengedwe. Mu pepalali, sodium chloroacetate ndi 2-chloroethanol wochezeka zachilengedwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati etherification agents.

M'malo mwa chloroacetic acid ndi ethylene oxide, ma cellulose ethers amakonzedwa. (3) The anapezedwa cellulose ether ntchito thonje nsalu zotakasuka utoto kusindikiza, amene amapereka maziko enaake kafukufuku wa sodium alginate m'malo.

onetsani ku.